Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team

Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team

Last updated: 13/12/2025

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Toxic masculinity refers to cultural norms, behaviours, and attitudes that encourage men to suppress their emotions, avoid vulnerability, and maintain power or dominance over others (Connell, 1995). While masculinity itself is not inherently problematic, the term “toxic” highlights how certain restrictive or aggressive expressions of manhood can harm both men and the broader community. This article offers an overview of the concept, explores its psychological and social implications, and discusses potential strategies for challenging harmful gender stereotypes.

Keywords: Toxic masculinity, Harmful gender norms, Masculine stereotypes, Male emotional suppression, Aggression and dominance, Gender inequality, Men’s mental health, Patriarchal culture

“Toxic masculinity” captures the idea that some aspects of traditional masculinity—such as aggression, emotional suppression, and the pursuit of dominance—can be destructive (Kimmel, 2008). It does not imply that all men or all masculine traits are negative. Instead, it points to specific, culturally reinforced patterns of thought and behaviour that lead to harmful outcomes for individuals and society.

Key facets of toxic masculinity often include:

• Emotional Restriction: Men may be discouraged from expressing vulnerability or sadness, which can undermine mental health (Seidler et al., 2016).
• Aggression and Dominance: In some settings, aggression is celebrated, reinforcing the belief that men should be forceful or “in control” (Connell, 1995).
• Homophobia and Transphobia: Certain masculine norms define “real men” narrowly, marginalising those who do not conform (Edwards & Jones, 2009).
• Disregard for Women: Toxic masculinity can fuel sexism and misogyny, affecting women’s safety and opportunities.

Research shows that strict gender norms can negatively affect men’s mental health and contribute to a range of social problems (American Psychological Association, 2018). Below are some of the recognised implications:

Mental Health Challenges

• Men who internalise beliefs that they must remain stoic or unemotional may experience difficulties expressing or regulating emotions (Seidler et al., 2016).
• Studies have linked avoidance of emotional vulnerability to increased depression, anxiety, and stress (Rice et al., 2020).

High Rates of Risk-Taking

• Certain masculine ideals encourage risk-taking behaviours—such as dangerous driving, heavy alcohol consumption, or drug use—as ways to display “toughness” (Courtenay, 2000).
• This can lead to adverse health outcomes and, in some cases, legal or financial difficulties.

Violence and Aggression

• Toxic masculinity often romanticises aggression, leading to higher incidences of violence, including domestic violence and sexual assault (Flood & Pease, 2009).
• By normalising hostility, these norms can perpetuate cycles of harm across communities.

Strained Relationships

• Difficulty in communicating emotions can limit men’s capacity to form close connections, sometimes resulting in loneliness, social isolation, or relationship breakdown (Seidler et al., 2016).
• Emotional unavailability can also cause stress in romantic, familial, or workplace interactions.

Impact on Others

• Women and children frequently bear the brunt of toxic masculine behaviours through acts of control, intimidation, or violence (Flood & Pease, 2009).
• These dynamics reinforce harmful stereotypes and foster environments where inequality and discrimination flourish.

Although toxic masculinity is a global issue, it has particular resonance in Australia. Historically, the “Aussie bloke” stereotype has celebrated toughness, emotional stoicism, and physical prowess (Pease, 2010). While these traits can sometimes be markers of resilience or pride in hard work, they can also feed into restrictive ideas about what it means to be a “real man.”

• Cultural Narratives: The emphasis on rugged individualism and self-reliance in Australia can contribute to a stigma around seeking help for mental health challenges.
• Sporting Culture: While sport can foster camaraderie and community, it may also pressure men to prioritise displays of strength and aggression, undermining healthy emotional expression (Light & Kirk, 2000).

Recognising and challenging toxic masculinity involves both individual and collective efforts. Key strategies include:

Encouraging Emotional Expression

• Family members, schools, and workplaces can model positive communication and emotional openness.
• Normalising help-seeking behaviours—for instance, speaking to a counsellor—can reduce stigma and increase psychological wellbeing (Seidler et al., 2016).

Education and Awareness

• Public awareness campaigns and school programs can highlight the negative effects of rigid gender norms (Flood & Pease, 2009).
• Educational initiatives that promote empathy, mutual respect, and healthy conflict resolution can contribute to cultural shifts.

Positive Role Modelling

• Celebrities, community leaders, and everyday people who challenge stereotypes can inspire broader acceptance of more flexible forms of masculinity.
• Demonstrating kindness, vulnerability, and collaboration can help redefine what “strength” looks like.

Supportive Community and Mental Health Services

• Access to mental health resources, such as psychology services—whether in-person or via telehealth—allows men to safely explore their emotions.
• Group programs or support groups tailored to men can create spaces for shared experiences and mutual encouragement.

Policy and Structural Change

• Workplace policies that promote work-life balance and prioritise employee wellbeing can reduce pressure on men to conform to hyper-masculine standards.
• Advocacy for survivors of violence and sexual assault, paired with clear legal ramifications for perpetrators, helps address broader cultural issues of aggression and entitlement.

The antidote to toxic masculinity does not lie in discarding masculinity itself, but rather in embracing healthier, more inclusive expressions of manhood. By fostering emotional literacy, encouraging respect for others, and dismantling oppressive structures, we can create social environments that support positive mental health, equitable relationships, and community safety (Connell, 1995; American Psychological Association, 2018).

Key themes in healthy masculinity include:

• Self-awareness and emotional intelligence
• Non-violent communication and empathy
• Equitable relationships that value mutual respect
• Rejection of prejudice, bigotry, and harassment
• Recognition that strength can manifest through kindness, collaboration, and integrity

Toxic masculinity is a complex cultural construct with profound implications for men’s mental health and societal wellbeing. By unpicking harmful gender stereotypes, embracing emotional openness, and advocating for respectful relationships, individuals and communities can challenge these toxic norms. The journey towards healthier forms of masculinity demands concerted effort—through education, policy change, and individual reflection—but can ultimately pave the way for a more equitable, connected, and supportive society.

• American Psychological Association (2018) APA guidelines for psychological practice with boys and men. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Connell, R.W. (1995) Masculinities. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
• Courtenay, W.H. (2000) ‘Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: a theory of gender and health’, Social Science & Medicine, 50(10), pp. 1385–1401.
• Edwards, K.E. and Jones, S.R. (2009) ‘Putting My Man Face On: A Grounded Theory of College Men’s Gender Identity Development’, Journal of College Student Development, 50(2), pp. 210–228.
• Flood, M. and Pease, B. (2009) ‘Factors influencing attitudes to violence against women’, Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(2), pp. 125–142.
• Kimmel, M.S. (2008) Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men. New York: Harper.
• Light, R. and Kirk, D. (2000) ‘High school rugby, the body and the reproduction of hegemonic masculinity’, Sport, Education and Society, 5(2), pp. 163–176.
• Pease, B. (2010) Undoing Privilege: Unearned Advantage in a Divided World. London: Zed Books.
• Rice, S.M., Kealy, D., Seidler, Z.E., Oliffe, J.L., Ogrodniczuk, J.S. and Dhillon, H.M. (2020) ‘Male depression subtypes and suicidal behaviour: a review’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, pp. 67–83.
• Seidler, Z.E., Dawes, A.J., Rice, S.M., Oliffe, J.L. and Dhillon, H.M. (2016) ‘The role of masculinity in men’s help-seeking for depression: a systematic review’, Clinical Psychology Review, 49, pp. 106–118.

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