Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by patterns of behaviour that include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects both children and adults and can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life. If you’re wondering whether you might have ADHD, it’s important to understand the symptoms and the process involved in obtaining a diagnosis. This article draws upon scientific sources to provide an overview of ADHD symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and the steps to take if you suspect you have ADHD.
Recognising ADHD Symptoms
ADHD symptoms can vary widely among individuals but are generally categorised into two main types: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), symptoms must be present for at least six months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Inattention:
- Frequently makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or during other activities.
- Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
- Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
- Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace.
- Has difficulty organising tasks and activities.
- Avoids or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.
- Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities.
- Is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
- Is often forgetful in daily activities.
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity:
- Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat.
- Leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected.
- Runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to feeling restless).
- Unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly.
- Is often “on the go,” acting as if “driven by a motor.”
- Talks excessively.
- Blurts out an answer before a question has been completed.
- Has difficulty waiting their turn.
- Interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games).
The Diagnosis of ADHD
Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. The process includes gathering information from various sources, including self-reports, family history, and observations from others. Diagnostic tools and criteria, such as those outlined in the DSM-5, are used to assess symptoms and their impact on daily functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In adults, the diagnostic process can be more complex, as ADHD symptoms often overlap with those of other mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder. A thorough evaluation will consider the full range of possible diagnoses (Kooij et al., 2019).
Next Steps
If you believe you might have ADHD, the first step is to consult with a healthcare provider who can guide you through the diagnostic process. This may involve referrals to specialists who have expertise in diagnosing and treating ADHD.
It’s also beneficial to educate yourself about ADHD, its implications, and the types of interventions available. Treatment for ADHD often includes a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and behavioural interventions, tailored to the individual’s needs (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.).
References
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Kooij, J. J. S., Bijlenga, D., Salerno, L., Jaeschke, R., Bitter, I., Balázs, J., … & Asherson, P. (2019). Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. European Psychiatry, 56, 14-34.
- National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Retrieved from [https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd]
How to get in touch
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