John Money, a psychologist and sexologist born in New Zealand in 1921, is one of the most controversial figures in the fields of gender studies and human sexuality. Widely regarded as a pioneer in conceptualising gender identity as distinct from biological sex, Money’s work was both revolutionary and contentious. His theories, however, became subject to significant ethical and scientific scrutiny, particularly following the infamous David Reimer case. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of Money’s contributions, controversies, and the long-term implications of his work on gender theory and medical ethics.
Keywords: John Money controversy, David Reimer case, Gender identity theories, John Money ethical issues, Gender reassignment controversy, John Money psychology contributions, Biological sex vs gender identity, John Money and David Reimer, Ethics in gender reassignment, Gender theory pioneers, Intersex medical interventions, John Money gender role
Money’s Contributions to Gender Theory
John Money was instrumental in coining several key terms that are foundational in gender studies today, including “gender role,” “gender identity,” and “sexual orientation” (Wikipedia, 2023). His central argument was that gender identity was primarily shaped by social and environmental factors rather than being biologically predetermined. Money proposed that gender identity was malleable during a “critical period” in early childhood, typically within the first two years of life, a theory that became the basis for his approach to treating intersex children (Gaetano, 2017).
Money’s work laid the groundwork for modern gender theory and influenced clinical practices worldwide. His argument that gender was distinct from biological sex has had a profound impact on psychology, sociology, and medical fields. Yet, his methods and conclusions, particularly in practice, have been met with severe criticism.
The David Reimer Case
The most controversial aspect of Money’s career involved the case of David Reimer, a child born in 1965 as Bruce Reimer. Following a botched circumcision that destroyed Bruce’s penis, Money recommended to his parents that Bruce be surgically reassigned as female and raised as a girl. His theory suggested that nurture could override nature, and that Bruce—renamed Brenda—would adopt a female gender identity if raised accordingly (Gaetano, 2017).
Throughout the 1970s, Money reported the case as a groundbreaking success, citing Brenda’s apparent acceptance of a female identity as evidence of his theory. However, these reports were later revealed to be highly misleading. Brenda experienced severe gender dysphoria and struggled with her identity throughout childhood. At the age of 14, Brenda was informed of her biological sex and decided to transition back to living as a male, adopting the name David. Despite this, David Reimer suffered from lifelong psychological trauma and died by suicide in 2004 at the age of 38 (Gaetano, 2017).
Ethical Violations and Criticism
Money’s handling of the Reimer case has been the subject of intense ethical criticism. It has been alleged that his methods during therapy sessions included coercion and inappropriate practices, particularly forcing David and his twin brother to perform simulated sexual acts as part of their therapy (Transgender Map, 2023). These actions have been widely condemned as abusive and unethical.
Money’s decision to publicly declare the case a success despite contrary evidence has raised questions about his scientific integrity. Critics argue that his insistence on proving his theory overrode concerns for the welfare of his patients. The case has since become a cautionary tale about the dangers of untested medical interventions and the prioritisation of theory over patient care (Quillette, 2023).
The Impact on Gender Theory
Despite the controversies surrounding his work, John Money’s contributions to gender theory remain significant. His assertion that gender identity is distinct from biological sex challenged long-held assumptions and made alternative arguments towards human sexuality and gender diversity. Many of his ideas have been further developed and refined by subsequent research, contributing to the development of transgender studies and the advocacy for intersex rights (Wikipedia, 2023).
However, the ethical shortcomings of his practices have led to calls for greater caution in applying gender theories, particularly in clinical contexts. The David Reimer case has sparked ongoing debates about the ethics of early medical interventions for intersex and transgender children, emphasising the importance of informed consent and patient autonomy (Gaetano, 2017).
Legacy and Lessons Learned
John Money’s legacy is a complex blend of innovation and controversy. While his theoretical contributions to gender studies have had a lasting impact, the ethical failings in his clinical practices have overshadowed much of his work. The Reimer case serves as a poignant reminder of the potential consequences of prioritising theoretical ambitions over patient welfare.
Money’s story also underscores the importance of ethical standards in medical and psychological research. As society continues to navigate issues surrounding gender identity, sexuality, and medical interventions, the lessons of Money’s career remain profoundly relevant.
Conclusion
The controversy surrounding John Money highlights the dual-edged nature of pioneering scientific work. While his contributions to gender theory were groundbreaking, his ethical lapses in clinical practice have left a troubling legacy. Understanding the complexities of his work and its implications is essential for advancing gender studies and ensuring ethical rigor in the treatment of vulnerable populations.
References
- Gaetano, P. (2017). David Reimer and John Money Gender Reassignment Controversy: The John/Joan Case. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/david-reimer-and-john-money-gender-reassignment-controversy-johnjoan-case
- Transgender Map. (2023). John Money vs. sex and gender minorities. Retrieved from https://www.transgendermap.com/issues/psychology/john-money/
- Quillette. (2023). In Defence of John Money. Retrieved from https://quillette.com/2023/06/16/in-defence-of-john-money/
- Wikipedia. (2023). John Money. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money
How to get in touch
If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.
