Author name: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 14/10/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Yawning, an involuntary action typically associated with tiredness, boredom, or the transition between wakefulness and sleep, has intrigued scientists and psychologists for decades, particularly the phenomenon of contagious yawning. Contagious yawning refers to the observation that seeing, hearing, or even thinking about yawning can trigger a yawn in others. This article explores the psychological and neuroscientific explanations behind contagious yawning, supported by empirical evidence. The Social Connection Hypothesis One of the leading theories in explaining contagious yawning is its association with social bonding and empathy. A study by Platek, Critton, Myers, and Gallup (2003) in the journal Cognitive Brain Research found that individuals with higher levels of empathy are more likely to experience contagious yawning, suggesting a link between the capacity to empathize with others and the phenomenon. This theory posits that yawning serves as a non-verbal communication tool that helps maintain group vigilance and cohesion. The Mirror Neuron System The mirror neuron system, a group of neurons that activate both when an individual performs an action and when they observe the same action performed by others, has been implicated in the mechanism behind contagious yawning. Research by Rizzolatti and Craighero (2004) in the Annual Review of Neuroscience highlights the role of mirror neurons in understanding others’ actions and intentions, suggesting that observing someone yawn may activate the same neural pathways as if the observer were yawning themselves, leading to a contagious effect. The Cooling Brain Hypothesis Another perspective offered by Gallup and Gallup (2007) in the journal Evolutionary Psychology suggests that yawning might help cool the brain, particularly when it’s overheated or under stress. The act of yawning increases heart rate, blood flow, and the use of muscles in the face, which could help dissipate heat and cool the brain. Contagious yawning, in this context, might be an evolved trait that promotes group vigilance by ensuring all members of a group are alert and have optimally functioning brains. The Role of Age and Environmental Factors Interestingly, the propensity to experience contagious yawning decreases with age. A study by Massen, Vermunt, and Sterck (2012) in the journal PLoS ONE noted that children under the age of four and older adults are less susceptible to contagious yawning, suggesting that the phenomenon might be most strongly linked to the developmental stage where social bonds and empathy skills are rapidly evolving. Environmental factors, including temperature and the time of day, also influence the likelihood of contagious yawning, although the mechanisms behind these influences remain less understood. The Link Between Yawning and Empathy The phenomenon of contagious yawning, where one person’s yawn triggers yawns in others, has often been linked to empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. This intriguing association has prompted discussions and questions about the nature of empathy and its manifestations. One question that frequently arises is whether the absence of contagious yawning in an individual indicates a lack of empathy. This article delves into the scientific understanding of contagious yawning, empathy, and what the latest research tells us about their relationship. Understanding Contagious Yawning and Empathy Contagious yawning is thought to be related to the human capacity for empathy and social bonding. A study by Platek, Critton, Myers, and Gallup (2003) in Cognitive Brain Research suggested that individuals with higher levels of empathy are more likely to experience contagious yawning, supporting the notion that empathy might play a role in this phenomenon. The theory is that empathetic individuals are more attuned to others’ emotional and physical states, making them more susceptible to contagious yawning. The Role of the Mirror Neuron System The mirror neuron system is instrumental in our ability to understand and mimic the actions of others, and it is believed to play a key role in both empathy and contagious yawning. Rizzolatti and Craighero (2004) in the Annual Review of Neuroscience highlighted the significance of mirror neurons in facilitating empathetic responses and suggested that these neurons could be involved in the mechanism behind contagious yawning. The activation of mirror neurons upon observing another person yawn might trigger the same neural pathways used when we yawn, leading to a contagious effect. Contagious Yawning: Not a Definitive Measure of Empathy While studies have linked contagious yawning and empathy, it’s crucial to note that not yawning in response to someone else does not definitively mean a person lacks empathy. Several factors can influence the occurrence of contagious yawning, including individual differences, age, and the context in which the yawning occurs. For instance, a study by Massen, Vermunt, and Sterck (2012) in PLoS ONE observed variability in contagious yawning among chimpanzees, suggesting that factors beyond empathy, such as attention and social dynamics, play a role in this phenomenon. Furthermore, empathy is a complex, multifaceted construct that encompasses cognitive, emotional, and compassionate aspects. It extends beyond the mere mirroring of actions to include a deep understanding and concern for others’ emotional states. Therefore, while contagious yawning may be one of the many manifestations of empathy, it should not be used as the sole measure of an individual’s capacity for empathy. Conclusion Contagious yawning remains a fascinating subject that bridges psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology. Whether through its role in promoting social bonding and empathy, its connection to the mirror neuron system, or its function in regulating brain temperature, contagious yawning highlights the complex interplay between biological mechanisms and social behaviors. As research continues to delve into this intriguing phenomenon, it is clear that something as simple as a yawn can reveal profound insights into human nature and cognition. The relationship between contagious yawning and empathy highlights the intricate ways in which humans connect and respond to one another. While there is evidence to suggest a link between contagious yawning and empathy, the

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 18/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Indigenous Australians, like other demographics, face mental health challenges, albeit with a unique set of cultural, social, and historical factors that may exacerbate or ameliorate these challenges. A variety of free psychological services are available to support the mental health of Indigenous Australians. This report outlines these services, their modes of delivery, and the institutions offering them. 1. Government and Community Initiatives: – Medicare Benefits: Medicare provides benefits for specified psychological services for eligible individuals. Referrals from General Practitioners or in some instances, other medical specialists, are required for access to these services [Allied Health Services for People of Aboriginal and Torres Strait …] – AIHW Access: The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare notes that Indigenous Australians are 67% as likely as non-Indigenous Australians to have claimed through Medicare for psychologist care [3.10 Access to mental health services – AIHW Indigenous HPF] 2. Online and Telephone-based Services: – MensLine Australia: Provides free support and counselling services for men, accessible via phone or online [Help for mental health | Indigenous.gov.au]. – Suicide Call Back Service: Offers a free telephone support service providing immediate and follow-up counselling over the phone, operating 24/7 [Help for mental health | Indigenous.gov.au]. – Beyond Blue: Provides a free online counselling service focused on alcohol and drug use concerns, besides other mental health resources [Helpful contacts for First Nations Peoples – Beyond Blue]. – WellMob: An online resource aimed at supporting the social, emotional, and cultural wellbeing of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community [Helpful contacts for First Nations Peoples – Beyond Blue]. – Gayaa Dhuwi (Proud Spirit) Australia: A newly established national leadership body for Indigenous social and emotional wellbeing, mental health, and suicide prevention [For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples – Black Dog Institute] 3. Specific Services: – Head to Health: Links to free and low cost phone and online social and emotional wellbeing services from some of Australia’s most trusted mental health organisations [Help for mental health | Indigenous.gov.au] – Kids Helpline: Offers free help and support for children and young people, accessible via phone or online [Help for mental health | Indigenous.gov.au] – Headspace: Provides mental health resources for youth, with a focus on holistic health integrating mental, physical, and social wellbeing [Help for mental health | Indigenous.gov.au] Critical Analysis: The availability of free psychological services for Indigenous Australians is a positive step towards addressing the mental health disparities faced by this demographic. The variety of services, including online, telephone-based, and face-to-face options, provides a broad spectrum of support. Moreover, the inclusion of culturally tailored resources like WellMob and Gayaa Dhuwi (Proud Spirit) Australia is crucial in making mental health care accessible and culturally sensitive. However, the relatively lower claim rate of psychologist care through Medicare among Indigenous Australians, as noted by the AIHW, suggests potential barriers to access or utilization. This could be due to a lack of awareness, cultural stigma, or systemic barriers that might require further investigation and remedial measures. Additionally, while online and telephone-based services increase accessibility, they might not replace the efficacy and personal touch of face-to-face interventions. Hence, a balance of digital and in-person services, aligned with cultural competence, is crucial for effectively addressing the mental health needs of Indigenous Australians. The government, community organizations, and healthcare providers need to continue working collaboratively to enhance the availability, accessibility, and cultural appropriateness of psychological services for Indigenous Australians. Continuous evaluation and feedback from the Indigenous community are essential for improving and tailoring these services to better meet their mental health needs. How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 18/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. In the realm of psychology, the evolution of therapeutic practices is guided by rigorous research, ethical standards, and a commitment to patient well-being. Over time, certain psychological therapies have been discredited or banned due to evidence of ineffectiveness, ethical concerns, or harmful effects. This article explores some of these controversial practices, the reasons behind their prohibition or discreditation, and the importance of ethical and evidence-based approaches in psychological treatment. Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT) Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT) involves techniques purported to recover repressed memories of traumatic events, often of childhood abuse. However, RMT has been highly controversial due to the suggestibility of memory and the potential for creating false memories. Numerous cases have been reported where individuals, influenced by therapeutic suggestions, falsely remembered traumatic events that never occurred. The British Psychological Society has cautioned against the use of suggestive techniques that could lead to false memories, emphasizing the need for practices grounded in reliable evidence (British Psychological Society, 2000). Primal Therapy Developed by Arthur Janov in the 1970s, Primal Therapy is based on the concept that repressed pains from childhood traumas can be brought to consciousness and resolved through reliving the experience and expressing the resulting pain through primal screams. Despite its popularity in the 1970s, Primal Therapy has been criticized for lack of scientific evidence supporting its efficacy and concerns over the emotional distress it can cause. The American Psychological Association has not endorsed this therapy due to the absence of empirical support (APA, n.d.). DARE Program The Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program, though not a therapy, was a widely implemented educational program aimed at preventing drug use in children and adolescents. Despite its good intentions, multiple evaluations, including a report by the U.S. General Accounting Office (2003), have found it to be ineffective in reducing drug use. Critics argue that DARE’s fear-based approach and lack of engagement with the complexities of drug addiction contribute to its ineffectiveness. Attachment Therapy Attachment Therapy is a controversial group of therapies designed to treat attachment disorders, often involving physical restraint and sometimes provoking distress in the child to break down supposed resistance to attachment. These practices have been widely criticized for being unscientific and potentially harmful. The tragic case of Candace Newmaker, who died during an Attachment Therapy session, brought significant attention to the dangers of such practices. Consequently, several U.S. states have legislated against the use of dangerous techniques associated with Attachment Therapy (Mercer, 2003). Importance of Evidence-Based Practice The banning or criticism of these therapies underscores the critical importance of adhering to evidence-based practices in psychology. Therapeutic interventions should be supported by robust scientific research demonstrating their safety and efficacy. Additionally, ethical considerations must guide the development and implementation of therapies to protect the well-being and rights of patients. As the field of psychology continues to advance, it is imperative that professionals remain committed to practices that are both scientifically valid and ethically sound, ensuring the best outcomes for those seeking mental health support. Aversive Conditioning Aversive conditioning techniques were once used to treat various addictions and deviant behaviors by pairing undesirable behaviors with unpleasant stimuli, such as electric shocks or nausea-inducing drugs. However, the ethical implications and the psychological harm caused by such treatments, including increased anxiety and aversion to therapy itself, have led to their disuse and condemnation in therapeutic settings (Lilienfeld, 2007). Facilitated Communication Facilitated communication (FC) was introduced as a communication technique for individuals with autism and other developmental disorders who are non-verbal. It involves a facilitator assisting the individual to communicate using a keyboard or other devices. However, subsequent research, including controlled studies, revealed that the messages produced through FC were often generated by the facilitators themselves, rather than the individuals with disabilities (Mostert, 2001). The technique has been discredited due to the lack of evidence supporting its efficacy and the potential for misuse and harm. The Role of Evidence and Ethics in Psychological Practices The banning and discreditation of these therapies underscore the importance of evidence-based practice and ethical considerations in psychology. Therapeutic approaches must be supported by robust scientific evidence demonstrating their efficacy and safety. Furthermore, they must adhere to ethical principles, ensuring that they respect the dignity, rights, and welfare of those receiving treatment. The move away from discredited therapies towards evidence-based practices reflects the psychological field’s commitment to continual improvement, grounded in research and ethical standards. It highlights the necessity of ongoing scrutiny, research, and professional development to ensure that psychological treatments remain effective, ethical, and beneficial for all individuals. Conclusion The discreditation and banning of certain psychological therapies serve as a reminder of the critical importance of basing psychological interventions on solid scientific evidence and ethical principles. As the field of psychology continues to evolve, it must remain vigilant in identifying and addressing practices that do not meet these criteria, ensuring that the well-being of patients is always the foremost priority. References Lilienfeld, S.O. (2007). Psychological treatments that cause harm. Perspectives on Psychological Science. Mostert, M.P. (2001). Facilitated communication since 1995: A review of published studies. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. British Psychological Society. (2000). Recovered Memories. The British Psychological Society. American Psychological Association (APA), n.d. Psychotherapies. U.S. General Accounting Office. (2003). Youth Illicit Drug Use Prevention: DARE Long-Term Evaluations and Federal Efforts to Identify Effective Programs. Mercer, J. (2003). Child Fatalities From Religion-motivated Medical Neglect. Child Healthcare Is a Legal Duty Newsletter. How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 13/08/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Dementia represents a significant and growing concern in the realm of global health, characterised by a decline in cognitive functioning that interferes with daily life and activities. This complex condition, primarily affecting older adults, encompasses a range of symptoms associated with memory loss, problem-solving difficulties, and impaired judgment. This article aims to shed light on the intricacies of dementia, including its types, causes, and the latest research findings, while highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive care. Defining Dementia Dementia is not a single disease but a term that describes a collection of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily functioning. It results from damage to brain cells and their connections, impacting individuals’ ability to communicate, think clearly, and remember (Alzheimer’s Association, 2020). Types of Dementia Several forms of dementia exist, each with its own set of characteristics: Alzheimer’s Disease: The most common type of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. It is marked by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, leading to cell death (Alzheimer’s Association, 2020). Vascular Dementia: Often resulting from stroke or other conditions that block or reduce blood flow to the brain, impairing cognitive abilities (O’Brien, J.T., & Thomas, A., 2015, The Lancet). Lewy Body Dementia: Characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies (abnormal deposits of the protein alpha-synuclein) in the brain. Symptoms include visual hallucinations and motor symptoms akin to Parkinson’s disease (McKeith, I.G., et al., 2017, Neurology). Frontotemporal Dementia: Involves damage to neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, affecting personality, behavior, and language (Rascovsky, K., et al., 2011, Brain). Causes and Risk Factors The exact cause of dementia varies with its type but generally involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Age is the strongest known risk factor, with most cases affecting individuals aged 65 and older. Other risk factors include family history, cardiovascular health, and traumatic brain injury. Recent research also points to connections between lifestyle factors — such as physical activity, diet, and social engagement — and dementia risk, suggesting potential avenues for prevention (Livingston, G., et al., 2020, The Lancet). Diagnosis and Treatment Early diagnosis of dementia is crucial for managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Diagnostic procedures typically involve cognitive tests, neurological evaluations, and brain imaging to assess the extent of brain damage and differentiate between types of dementia. While there is no cure for most types of dementia, treatment focuses on symptom management and support. Medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine can help alleviate cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Non-pharmacological approaches, including cognitive stimulation therapy and lifestyle modifications, play a critical role in care plans (Bahar-Fuchs, A., Clare, L., & Woods, B., 2013, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews). The Importance of Supportive Care Support for individuals with dementia and their caregivers is paramount. Comprehensive care strategies that include medical treatment, psychological support, and assistance with daily activities can significantly impact the well-being of both patients and their families. Support groups, respite care, and educational resources are invaluable in navigating the challenges posed by dementia. Conclusion Dementia encompasses a range of conditions that profoundly affect millions of individuals and their families worldwide. Understanding the types, causes, and management strategies for dementia is essential for improving outcomes and providing the necessary support for those affected. As research continues to evolve, there is hope for more effective treatments and ultimately, a cure for this complex condition. References Alzheimer’s Association. (2020). What Is Dementia? O’Brien, J.T., & Thomas, A. (2015). Vascular dementia. The Lancet. McKeith, I.G., et al. (2017). Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. Rascovsky, K., et al. (2011). Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. Livingston, G., et al. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet. Bahar-Fuchs, A., Clare, L., & Woods, B. (2013). Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 19/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are inconsistent with the developmental level of an individual. Effective assessment and diagnosis are crucial for managing ADHD, which affects not only academic and occupational performance but also interpersonal relationships and overall quality of life. This article outlines the comprehensive process involved in assessing ADHD, drawing on scientific literature and clinical guidelines to provide a clear understanding of the diagnostic journey. Understanding ADHD and Its Importance ADHD affects approximately 5% of children and 2.5% of adults worldwide, with symptoms often persisting into adulthood (Polanczyk, G., et al., 2014, JAMA Psychiatry). Early and accurate diagnosis is key to managing the condition effectively, as untreated ADHD can lead to a range of complications, including academic underachievement, low self-esteem, and increased risk of substance abuse (Faraone, S.V., et al., 2015, The Lancet Psychiatry). The Diagnostic Criteria The diagnosis of ADHD is based on criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), which requires a pattern of symptoms to be present in two or more settings (e.g., at home and school/work) for at least six months (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The symptoms must be inappropriate for the individual’s developmental level and directly impact social, academic, or occupational functioning. Assessment Process Clinical Interview: The assessment process begins with a detailed clinical interview that explores the individual’s medical history, symptom presentation, and the impact of symptoms on daily functioning. Information from parents, teachers, and significant others may also be collected to gain a multi-informant perspective, especially for children and adolescents. Rating Scales and Checklists: Standardised rating scales and checklists are integral to the ADHD assessment process. Tools such as the Conners’ Rating Scales and the ADHD Rating Scale IV are commonly used to quantify the severity of symptoms and compare them with normative data (Conners, C.K., 2008; DuPaul, G.J., et al., 1998). Psychological Testing: While there is no single test that can diagnose ADHD definitively, psychological testing can help rule out other conditions, assess comorbid disorders, and evaluate cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Tests may include measures of intelligence, memory, executive function, and academic achievement. Observation and Additional Assessments: Observations in different settings (e.g., school, workplace) can provide valuable insights into how ADHD symptoms manifest in real-world situations. Additional assessments may also be conducted to rule out other medical conditions or learning disorders that could mimic or co-occur with ADHD. Considerations in ADHD Assessment Age and Developmental Level: The presentation of ADHD symptoms can vary significantly across different ages and developmental stages. It is essential for the assessment process to be sensitive to these variations to ensure an accurate diagnosis. Comorbid Conditions: ADHD frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and learning disabilities. Identifying and addressing these comorbid conditions is crucial for developing an effective treatment plan. Cultural and Gender Considerations: Cultural background and gender can influence the presentation and reporting of ADHD symptoms. Clinicians must be culturally competent and aware of gender differences in symptom expression to avoid misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis. Conclusion The assessment of ADHD is a comprehensive process that involves multiple steps and sources of information. Accurate diagnosis is critical for accessing appropriate interventions and support, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals with ADHD. As research advances, the assessment and understanding of ADHD continue to evolve, promising more tailored and effective approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Take this quick self assessment. References Polanczyk, G., et al. (2014). ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. Faraone, S.V., et al. (2015). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Lancet Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Conners, C.K. (2008). Conners’ Rating Scales—Revised. DuPaul, G.J., et al. (1998). ADHD Rating Scale IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 10/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Cannabis, often perceived as a harmless recreational drug, has been the subject of increasing scrutiny due to its potential impact on mental health. In Australia, as in many parts of the world, the debate around cannabis use includes considerations of its legal status, medicinal applications, and the risks associated with its consumption. Among these risks, the mental health dangers of smoking cannabis are significant, with research highlighting the link between cannabis use and various psychiatric disorders. This article explores the mental health implications of smoking cannabis, drawing on scientific evidence to shed light on this important issue. Association with Psychiatric Disorders Psychosis and Schizophrenia: One of the most concerning aspects of cannabis use is its association with psychosis and schizophrenia, particularly among adolescents and young adults. A comprehensive review by Marconi et al. (2016) in Schizophrenia Bulletin found that cannabis use, especially heavy use, is associated with an increased risk of developing psychotic disorders. The risk is particularly pronounced in individuals with a pre-existing genetic vulnerability to these conditions. Anxiety and Depression: While some users report using cannabis for its perceived benefits in reducing anxiety, the relationship between cannabis use and anxiety disorders is complex. Zvolensky et al. (2010) in Addictive Behaviors highlighted that regular cannabis use could lead to an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders. Additionally, a review by Lev-Ran et al. (2014) in Molecular Psychiatry suggested a bidirectional relationship between cannabis use and depression, indicating that cannabis use can both contribute to and result from depressive disorders. Substance Use Disorders: The use of cannabis can lead to dependence, characterized by a strong desire to consume the drug despite negative consequences. Hall and Degenhardt (2009) in The Lancet discussed the potential for cannabis use to escalate into a substance use disorder, with withdrawal symptoms affecting individuals who attempt to quit after prolonged use. Impact on Adolescents and Young Adults The impact of cannabis on mental health is of particular concern among adolescents and young adults, a group that is more susceptible to the adverse effects of cannabis on brain development. A study by Meier et al. (2012) in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that persistent cannabis use from adolescence into adulthood was associated with neuropsychological decline, with greater impairment observed in those who began using cannabis in adolescence. The Role of THC Potency The potency of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component in cannabis, has increased significantly over the years. Higher THC concentrations have been linked to a greater risk of psychosis and other mental health issues. Di Forti et al. (2019) in The Lancet Psychiatry demonstrated that high-potency cannabis use was associated with an increased risk of psychosis in major European cities and Brazil. Dangers For Young People The impact of cannabis use on young people’s mental health is a growing concern worldwide, including in Australia, where debates around cannabis legalisation and its medicinal use continue. Adolescents and young adults are particularly vulnerable to the adverse mental health effects of cannabis, given their critical period of brain development. Scientific research increasingly highlights the association between cannabis use in young people and various psychiatric disorders, including psychosis, depression, and anxiety. This article examines the evidence surrounding the mental health risks of cannabis use among young people. Cannabis Use and Depression The relationship between cannabis use and depression in adolescents and young adults is complex. A meta-analysis by Lev-Ran et al. (2014) in Molecular Psychiatry found that cannabis users were more likely to develop depression than non-users. While causality cannot be conclusively established, the association suggests that cannabis use may contribute to the onset of depressive symptoms, particularly in vulnerable individuals. Anxiety Disorders Caused to a Young Person While some young people report using cannabis to alleviate anxiety, evidence suggests that cannabis use can increase the risk of developing anxiety disorders. A study by Zvolensky et al. (2010) in Addictive Behaviors highlighted that regular cannabis use was linked to heightened levels of anxiety and stress, particularly among adolescents. This paradoxical effect points to the need for caution in using cannabis as a self-medication strategy for anxiety. Impact on Cognitive Development and Academic Achievement Beyond psychiatric disorders, cannabis use in young people can adversely affect cognitive development and academic performance. Meier et al. (2012) in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that persistent cannabis use from adolescence into adulthood was associated with cognitive decline, with greater impairment observed in those who began using cannabis in adolescence. This decline can lead to academic underachievement and limit future opportunities. The Role of Early Intervention and Education Given the evidence, early intervention and education about the risks of cannabis use are crucial in protecting young people’s mental health. Family, schools, and community programs play a vital role in providing accurate information and support to prevent the onset of cannabis use and identify early signs of mental health issues. Conclusion The mental health dangers of smoking cannabis are substantial, with evidence linking cannabis use to an increased risk of psychosis, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders. These risks are particularly acute for adolescents and young adults and are exacerbated by the use of high-potency cannabis. As the conversation around cannabis continues to evolve, it is critical to consider the mental health implications of its use, advocating for policies and interventions that protect public health. Cannabis use among young people poses significant mental health risks, including an increased likelihood of developing psychosis, depression, anxiety disorders, and experiencing cognitive decline. The vulnerability of the adolescent brain makes early cannabis use particularly concerning. It is imperative to continue research in this area and strengthen preventive and early intervention strategies to safeguard the mental health of young people. References Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis,

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/12/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition characterised by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication. With the prevalence of ASD on the rise, there’s a growing interest in holistic and natural approaches to support traditional treatments. While no natural remedy can cure autism, certain interventions may help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. This article explores the evidence behind various natural remedies for autism, emphasizing the importance of integrating these with conventional therapies under professional guidance. Dietary Interventions Gluten-Free and Casein-Free (GFCF) Diet: Some studies suggest that a gluten-free and casein-free diet might benefit children with autism by reducing symptoms like hyperactivity and improving social behaviors (Whiteley et al., 2010, Nutritional Neuroscience). The theory posits that children with ASD may have sensitivities to gluten (found in wheat) and casein (found in dairy), though scientific consensus on the effectiveness of this diet is still evolving. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil and certain plant oils, are essential for brain health. Some research indicates that omega-3 supplementation could improve symptoms of ASD, particularly in areas of hyperactivity and social withdrawal (Amminger et al., 2007, Biological Psychiatry). However, more extensive studies are needed to conclusively determine its efficacy. Behavioral and Developmental Therapies Mindfulness and Meditation: Mindfulness practices and meditation may help manage anxiety and stress in both individuals with ASD and their caregivers. A study by Dykens et al. (2014, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders) found that mindfulness-based therapy could reduce symptoms of anxiety and distress in parents of children with ASD, indirectly benefiting the children by improving the caregiving environment. Exercise: Regular physical activity has been shown to improve cognitive function, reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, and enhance overall well-being in individuals with ASD. A review by Sowa and Meulenbroek (2012, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders) highlights the positive impact of exercise on behavioral and social-emotional functioning for individuals with autism. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Melatonin Supplementation: Sleep disorders are common in individuals with ASD. Melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, has been used as a natural remedy to improve sleep patterns in children with autism. Studies, including one by Wright et al. (2011, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders), have found melatonin to be effective in improving sleep duration and onset latency in children with ASD. Probiotics: Emerging research suggests a connection between gut health and ASD symptoms. Probiotics, which support gut health, may have the potential to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms and, by extension, improve behavior and social functioning in individuals with ASD. Critchfield et al. (2011, Gastroenterology Research and Practice) discuss the gut-brain axis in autism, proposing that modifying gut bacteria could be a novel approach to treatment. Conclusion While natural remedies for autism, such as dietary changes, omega-3 fatty acids, mindfulness, exercise, melatonin, and probiotics, show promise, it’s crucial to approach these interventions with caution. None of these remedies should replace traditional therapies but may complement them under the guidance of healthcare professionals. Parents and caregivers should consult with a doctor or an autism specialist before incorporating any natural remedies into their loved one’s care plan, to ensure they are safe and potentially beneficial. Take this quick self assessment References Whiteley, P., et al. (2010). The ScanBrit randomised, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutritional Neuroscience. Amminger, G.P., et al. (2007). Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: A double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biological Psychiatry. Dykens, E.M., et al. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for parents of young children with developmental delays: Implications for parental mental health and child behavior problems. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Sowa, M., & Meulenbroek, R. (2012). Effects of physical exercise on Autism Spectrum Disorders: A meta-analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Wright, B., et al. (2011). Melatonin versus placebo in children with autism spectrum conditions and severe sleep problems not amenable to behavior management strategies: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Critchfield, J.W., et al. (2011). The potential role of probiotics in the management of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Gastroenterology Research and Practice. How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. In the digital age, screens are an integral part of our daily lives, offering undeniable benefits for communication, education, and entertainment. However, when it comes to children and screen time, the line between beneficial use and harmful overexposure can become blurred. Extensive research has highlighted the potential risks associated with excessive screen time for children, including impacts on physical health, mental well-being, and developmental milestones. This article delves into the scientific evidence surrounding the dangers of excessive screen time for children and offers guidance for parents striving to find a healthy balance. The Impact of Excessive Screen Time Physical Health Concerns: Excessive screen time has been linked to a variety of physical health issues in children. A sedentary lifestyle, often associated with long periods of screen use, contributes to the rising prevalence of obesity among children (Must, A., & Tybor, D.J., 2005, Obesity Reviews). Furthermore, prolonged screen exposure, especially before bedtime, can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to insufficient sleep, which is crucial for a child’s growth and development (Hale, L., & Guan, S., 2015, Pediatrics). Mental Health and Cognitive Development: Beyond physical health, excessive screen time poses risks to children’s mental health and cognitive development. Studies have found associations between high levels of screen use and increased risks of attention problems, anxiety, and depression (Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, W.K., 2018, Preventive Medicine Reports). Moreover, overuse of screens can impede language development and reading skills in younger children by reducing the time spent on interactive, play-based learning activities (Christakis, D.A., 2009, Pediatrics). Social Skills and Behaviour: Excessive use of digital devices can also affect children’s social skills and behaviour. Time spent on screens is time not spent engaging in face-to-face interactions, which are essential for developing empathy, emotional intelligence, and interpersonal skills. Additionally, exposure to inappropriate content or cyberbullying can have adverse effects on children’s understanding of social norms and their mental health (Uhls, Y.T., et al., 2014, Computers in Human Behavior). Recommendations for Parents Given the potential risks, setting boundaries on screen time is crucial. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children aged 2 to 5 years should have no more than one hour of sedentary screen time daily, while infants under 1 year should not be exposed to screens at all (World Health Organization, 2019). Parents can adopt several strategies to manage screen time effectively: Create a Family Media Plan: Establish clear rules about screen use, including what types of media are appropriate and when screens are allowed. Encourage Alternative Activities: Promote physical activities, outdoor play, and hobbies that don’t involve screens to ensure a balanced lifestyle. Lead by Example: Model healthy screen habits yourself; children are more likely to follow suit if they see their parents limiting their own screen time. Engage in Screen-free Time Together: Dedicate time for family activities that don’t involve screens, such as board games, reading, or exploring nature. Case Study 1: Emily’s Sleep Disruption Background: Emily, a 9-year-old girl, developed a habit of using her tablet for two hours before bedtime, engaging in various activities from watching videos to playing games. Her parents noticed a significant change in her sleep patterns, with Emily struggling to fall asleep and experiencing frequent nighttime awakenings. Findings: Research suggests that screen time before bed can disrupt sleep patterns in children, primarily due to the blue light emitted by screens, which interferes with the production of the sleep hormone melatonin (Hale & Guan, 2015). Over time, Emily’s excessive screen use before bed contributed to her sleep disruption, impacting her overall health and performance in school. Intervention: Emily’s parents implemented a no-screens policy an hour before bedtime and encouraged calming pre-sleep activities like reading. Over several weeks, Emily’s sleep improved, demonstrating the importance of limiting screen time, especially before bed, to ensure healthy sleep habits in children. Case Study 2: Jake’s Social Development Concerns Background: Jake, a 6-year-old boy, preferred spending hours on end playing games on a smartphone over interacting with peers during playtime. His teachers observed Jake’s difficulty in engaging in cooperative play and noted his lack of interest in participating in group activities, raising concerns about his social development. Findings: Uhls et al. (2014) found that time spent away from screens and engaged in face-to-face interactions could significantly improve children’s ability to read nonverbal emotional cues, an essential skill for social interaction. Jake’s preference for screen time over real-life interactions contributed to his challenges in socializing and empathizing with peers. Intervention: To address Jake’s social development concerns, his parents and teachers encouraged more screen-free time, involving him in group activities that promoted social skills, such as team sports and playdates. These interventions helped Jake improve his interpersonal skills, highlighting the critical role of reducing screen time to enhance social development. Case Study 3: Lily’s Weight Management Struggles Background: Lily, an 11-year-old, experienced weight management issues, with her pediatrician expressing concerns about her being overweight. Lily’s daily routine included several hours of sedentary screen time, with minimal physical activity. Findings: The sedentary behavior associated with excessive screen time has been linked to obesity in children (Must & Tybor, 2005). Lily’s weight gain was partly due to the lack of physical activity, compounded by the unhealthy snacking often associated with long periods of screen use. Intervention: Lily’s family decided to limit her daily screen time, encouraging her to participate in physical activities she enjoyed, such as swimming and cycling. Additionally, healthy snacking options were made readily available. Over time, these changes contributed to a healthier weight and lifestyle for Lily, underscoring the importance of balanced screen time and physical activity. Conclusion While screens are an unavoidable aspect of modern life, moderation is key when it comes to children’s use of digital devices. By understanding the risks associated with excessive screen