Author name: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 18/11/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Speech and language therapy (SLT) is a vital healthcare service that helps individuals of all ages develop, improve, or regain their communication abilities. This workd therapy is essential for those with speech, language, and communication difficulties, as well as those with swallowing disorders, known as dysphagia. Speech and language therapists (also known as speech pathologists in Australia) work across a wide range of settings, including hospitals, schools, clinics, and community health centres, providing tailored interventions to meet the unique needs of each client. This article explores the importance of speech and language therapy, the various conditions it addresses, the techniques used by therapists, and the research supporting its effectiveness. The discussion is framed within the Australian context, where speech pathology is a well-established profession regulated by Speech Pathology Australia. Keywords: speech and language therapy, speech pathology, communication disorders, language development, dysphagia, speech therapy in Australia, speech therapist, evidence-based practice What is Speech and Language Therapy? Speech and language therapy is a clinical service that focuses on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of speech, language, communication, and swallowing disorders. These disorders can occur across the lifespan, from infancy through to old age, and may result from developmental delays, neurological conditions, injury, or illness. Speech and language therapists are trained professionals who use a variety of techniques to help individuals improve their communication abilities and manage swallowing difficulties. In Australia, speech therapists must be registered with Speech Pathology Australia, the national body responsible for accrediting and regulating the profession (Speech Pathology Australia, 2021). Conditions Addressed by Speech and Language Therapy Speech and language therapy can address a wide range of conditions, including speech disorders, language disorders, communication disorders, and swallowing difficulties. Each of these conditions can have a significant impact on an individual’s ability to communicate effectively and participate fully in everyday life. 1.1 Speech Disorders Speech disorders affect an individual’s ability to produce sounds correctly, fluently, or with the appropriate voice quality. Common speech disorders include: Articulation Disorders: Difficulty in producing specific sounds correctly, which may result in speech that is difficult to understand. For example, a person may substitute one sound for another or omit sounds altogether (Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1994). Phonological Disorders: Difficulty in understanding and implementing the sound system of a language, leading to patterns of speech errors. This is often seen in young children and can affect their literacy development (Gierut, 1998). Fluency Disorders: Disorders that impact the flow of speech, such as stuttering. Individuals with fluency disorders may experience interruptions in their speech, such as repetitions, prolongations, or blocks (Bloodstein & Ratner, 2008). Voice Disorders: Conditions that affect the pitch, loudness, or quality of the voice, such as hoarseness, vocal nodules, or aphonia (the complete loss of voice). Voice disorders can result from overuse, trauma, or neurological conditions (Verdolini & Ramig, 2001). 1.2 Language Disorders Language disorders affect an individual’s ability to understand (receptive language) or use language (expressive language) effectively. Language disorders can be developmental or acquired and may impact both spoken and written language. Common language disorders include: Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): A condition where children have difficulties acquiring language for no obvious reason. DLD can affect vocabulary, sentence structure, and the ability to use language socially (Bishop, Snowling, Thompson, Greenhalgh, & the CATALISE Consortium, 2017). Aphasia: An acquired language disorder typically resulting from a stroke or brain injury. Aphasia can affect speaking, understanding, reading, and writing, and varies widely in severity and the specific language abilities impacted (Goodglass, 1993). Pragmatic Language Impairment: Difficulty in using language appropriately in social contexts, often seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Challenges may include understanding non-verbal cues, taking turns in conversation, and understanding figurative language (Volden & Phillips, 2010). 1.3 Communication Disorders Communication disorders encompass a broader range of difficulties that impact an individual’s ability to communicate effectively. This includes both speech and language disorders as well as other conditions, such as: Social Communication Disorder: Difficulty in using verbal and non-verbal communication in social interactions. This disorder is closely related to pragmatic language impairment but is distinct in that it does not involve repetitive behaviours or restricted interests, which are characteristic of ASD (Adams, Lockton, Freed, & Gaile, 2012). Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): For individuals who are unable to communicate using spoken language, speech therapists may introduce AAC methods, such as communication boards, speech-generating devices, or sign language. AAC can be a temporary or permanent solution depending on the individual’s needs (Beukelman & Mirenda, 2013). 1.4 Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) Dysphagia refers to difficulties in swallowing, which can occur due to neurological conditions, structural abnormalities, or injury. Swallowing disorders can affect an individual’s ability to eat and drink safely, leading to risks such as malnutrition, dehydration, or aspiration pneumonia (Logemann, 1998). Speech and language therapists assess and manage dysphagia by providing strategies to improve swallowing safety, recommending modified diets, and offering exercises to strengthen the muscles involved in swallowing. Techniques Used in Speech and Language Therapy Speech and language therapists employ a variety of evidence-based techniques tailored to the specific needs of each client. These techniques are designed to address the underlying causes of communication or swallowing difficulties and to help individuals develop the skills needed to improve their quality of life. 2.1 Articulation Therapy Articulation therapy focuses on helping individuals produce specific speech sounds correctly. Therapists may use techniques such as auditory discrimination (helping clients distinguish between correct and incorrect sounds), modelling, and repetitive practice to improve speech clarity. For example, a therapist may work with a child to practise the correct production of the “s” sound by breaking it down into smaller, manageable steps (Sander, 1972). 2.2 Language Intervention Language intervention involves activities and strategies to enhance an individual’s language abilities, including vocabulary development, sentence

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 15/08/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. In the realm of mental health and psychological treatment, the distinction between evidence-based therapies and pseudoscientific approaches is critical. Evidence-based therapies are grounded in rigorous scientific research and have been proven effective through controlled studies. In contrast, pseudoscience therapies lack empirical support, often relying on anecdotal evidence or unverified claims. Understanding the difference between these approaches is essential for ensuring that individuals receive safe, effective, and ethical care. This article explores the characteristics of evidence-based therapies, the dangers of pseudoscientific approaches, and how to discern between the two. By shedding light on these distinctions, we aim to promote informed decision-making and protect consumers from potentially harmful treatments. Keywords: evidence-based therapies, pseudoscience in mental health, psychological treatment, mental health therapies, effective mental health care, dangers of pseudoscience, safe psychological treatment What is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)? Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an approach to healthcare that involves integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. The goal of EBP is to provide high-quality care that is scientifically validated, ethically sound, and tailored to the individual needs and preferences of patients. EBP originated in the field of medicine but has since been adopted across various healthcare disciplines, including psychology, nursing, social work, and allied health. The concept was popularised by Dr. David Sackett and his colleagues in the early 1990s, who defined EBP as “the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients” (Sackett et al., 1996). In mental health, EBP is particularly important as it helps clinicians choose treatments that are most likely to be effective, reduces the use of ineffective or harmful interventions, and supports patient engagement in their care. Characteristics of Evidence-Based Therapies Evidence-based therapies share several key characteristics: Empirical Support: EBTs are supported by high-quality research, including randomised controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. These studies provide robust evidence for the efficacy and safety of the treatment (Kazdin, 2008). Replicability: EBTs can be consistently replicated across different populations and settings, ensuring that the treatment’s effectiveness is not limited to a specific group or context. Transparency and Documentation: The processes and outcomes of EBTs are well-documented, allowing other researchers and clinicians to review and evaluate the evidence. Adherence to Ethical Standards: EBTs adhere to ethical guidelines, prioritising patient safety, informed consent, and respect for patient autonomy (Lilienfeld, Lynn, & Lohr, 2014). 1.2 Examples of Evidence-Based Therapies Several psychological treatments have been identified as evidence-based therapies, including: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT is one of the most widely studied and effective treatments for a range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and PTSD. CBT focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviours to improve mental well-being (Hofmann et al., 2012). Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT): Originally developed for borderline personality disorder, DBT combines cognitive-behavioural techniques with mindfulness practices. It is effective in treating emotional dysregulation, self-harm, and suicidal behaviours (Linehan, 1993). Exposure Therapy: Exposure therapy is an evidence-based treatment for anxiety disorders, particularly phobias and PTSD. It involves gradually exposing patients to feared stimuli in a controlled environment to reduce anxiety responses (Watts et al., 2013). Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR): EMDR is a structured therapy for trauma and PTSD that involves recalling distressing memories while engaging in bilateral stimulation (e.g., side-to-side eye movements). Research supports its efficacy in reducing trauma-related symptoms (Shapiro, 2018). The Components of Evidence-Based Practice EBP is typically described as having three core components: Best Available Evidence The first component of EBP is the integration of the best available research evidence. This involves critically appraising and applying findings from high-quality studies, such as randomised controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. These studies provide robust evidence on the effectiveness, safety, and appropriateness of various treatments and interventions. In mental health, evidence-based treatments (EBTs) include therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for depression and anxiety, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) for borderline personality disorder, and Exposure Therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Hofmann et al., 2012; Linehan, 1993; Watts et al., 2013). Clinical Expertise Clinical expertise refers to the skills, knowledge, and experience of healthcare professionals in diagnosing and treating patients. In EBP, clinicians use their expertise to assess the patient’s condition, interpret research evidence, and apply it in the context of the patient’s unique circumstances. In mental health care, clinical expertise is crucial for tailoring treatments to individual patients. For example, a psychologist might use their experience to modify a standard CBT protocol to better suit a patient with co-occurring conditions, such as depression and substance use disorder (Westen & Weinberger, 2004). Patient Values and Preferences The third component of EBP is the consideration of patient values and preferences. This aspect emphasises the importance of patient-centred care, where treatment decisions are made in collaboration with the patient, taking into account their goals, cultural background, personal preferences, and values. Engaging patients in their treatment planning fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment, leading to better adherence to treatment and improved outcomes. For example, a patient with social anxiety may prefer online therapy over face-to-face sessions, and an evidence-based practitioner would consider this preference when developing a treatment plan (Charles, Gafni, & Whelan, 1997). The Importance of Evidence-Based Practice in Mental Health EBP is crucial in mental health for several reasons. It ensures that treatments are effective and safe, promotes ethical practice, and supports the ongoing development of the field. Ensuring Effective and Safe Treatments One of the primary goals of EBP is to ensure that the treatments provided are both effective and safe. By relying on well-designed research studies, mental health professionals can choose interventions that have been proven to work, reducing the risk of harm and increasing the likelihood of positive outcomes.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 13/08/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. As artificial intelligence (AI) and automation continue to revolutionise industries worldwide, their effects on the workforce are becoming increasingly evident. While these technologies promise efficiency, productivity, and economic growth, they also present challenges that can significantly impact the mental health of workers. This article explores the psychological implications of AI and automation on employees, drawing on current research and providing insights into how organisations can mitigate these effects. Keywords: Mental health impact of AI, Automation in the workplace, AI job displacement anxiety, Workforce mental health challenges, Job insecurity due to automation, AI and work-life balance, Automation and employee stress, Technostress in the workplace, AI-related burnout, Skill redundancy and AI, Mental health effects of AI, Psychological impact of automation The Rise of AI and Automation in the Workplace AI and automation have rapidly transformed the modern workplace, streamlining processes, reducing the need for manual labour, and enabling companies to operate more efficiently. From manufacturing to healthcare, AI technologies are being integrated into various sectors, reshaping job roles and the skills required to perform them (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014). In Australia, the adoption of AI and automation is expected to accelerate over the coming years, with industries such as mining, agriculture, and financial services leading the way (AI Group, 2019). While this technological advancement holds significant potential for economic growth, it also raises concerns about job displacement, skill redundancy, and the broader implications for workers’ mental health. Job Insecurity and Anxiety One of the most immediate psychological impacts of AI and automation on the workforce is job insecurity. As machines and algorithms become capable of performing tasks traditionally carried out by humans, many workers fear losing their jobs to automation. This fear is not unfounded; a report by the McKinsey Global Institute (2017) estimated that up to 375 million workers worldwide might need to switch occupational categories by 2030 due to automation. Job insecurity can lead to significant anxiety, stress, and uncertainty about the future. Research has shown that workers who perceive their jobs to be at risk are more likely to experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, and reduced job satisfaction (Jiang & Lavaysse, 2018). This stress is compounded by the rapid pace of technological change, which can leave workers feeling unprepared and vulnerable to job loss. The Impact on Work-Life Balance AI and automation also have implications for work-life balance. While these technologies can reduce the burden of repetitive tasks and improve efficiency, they can also lead to an “always-on” work culture. The ability of AI to operate continuously without the need for breaks can create unrealistic expectations for human workers to keep pace, leading to overwork and burnout (Tarafdar et al., 2019). Moreover, the integration of AI tools into remote work setups, which has become increasingly common due to the COVID-19 pandemic, can blur the boundaries between work and personal life. Employees may feel pressured to be constantly available, contributing to increased stress and a decline in overall well-being (Fitzpatrick et al., 2020). Skill Redundancy and the Need for Upskilling The introduction of AI and automation in the workplace often leads to changes in job roles, with some tasks becoming obsolete and others requiring new skills. Workers who are unable to adapt to these changes may experience a sense of skill redundancy, leading to decreased self-esteem and confidence (Frey & Osborne, 2017). The need for continuous upskilling to keep pace with technological advancements can also be a source of stress for employees. The pressure to acquire new skills and stay relevant in a rapidly changing job market can lead to cognitive overload and burnout, particularly for older workers who may find it more challenging to adapt to new technologies (OECD, 2019). The Role of Organisations in Mitigating Mental Health Risks Given the significant mental health challenges posed by AI and automation, it is crucial for organisations to take proactive steps to support their employees. This includes providing access to mental health resources, offering opportunities for upskilling and reskilling, and fostering a workplace culture that prioritises work-life balance. Mental Health Support: Organisations should offer mental health programs and resources to help employees manage stress and anxiety related to job insecurity and technological changes. This could include counselling services, stress management workshops, and access to mental health professionals (Australian Psychological Society, 2020). Upskilling and Reskilling: Employers should invest in training programs that help workers develop the skills needed to thrive in an AI-driven workplace. By offering continuous learning opportunities, organisations can reduce the anxiety associated with skill redundancy and help employees feel more confident in their roles (World Economic Forum, 2018). Promoting Work-Life Balance: To prevent burnout, companies should establish clear boundaries between work and personal time. This could involve implementing policies that limit after-hours communication and encouraging employees to take regular breaks and time off (Kreiner, Hollensbe, & Sheep, 2009). Conclusion The rise of AI and automation in the workplace presents both opportunities and challenges for employees. While these technologies can enhance productivity and efficiency, they also pose significant risks to mental health, including job insecurity, stress, and burnout. By recognising these challenges and implementing strategies to support workers, organisations can help mitigate the negative psychological impacts of AI and automation, ensuring a healthier and more resilient workforce. References AI Group. (2019). The impact of AI on Australian jobs and workplaces. The Australian Industry Group. Australian Psychological Society. (2020). Managing work-related stress. APS. Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W.W. Norton & Company. Fitzpatrick, O., Darcy, K., & Viernes, M. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the workplace: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(10), 826-834. Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 10/08/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Schizophrenia is a complex and often misunderstood mental health disorder that affects approximately 20 million people worldwide, including around 1% of the Australian population (World Health Organization, 2019; Saha et al., 2005). It is characterised by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganised thinking, and impaired cognitive functioning. Despite significant advances in the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia, misconceptions persist—one of the most damaging being that individuals with schizophrenia are inherently dangerous. This article explores the realities of schizophrenia, examining whether it is truly dangerous, and aims to dispel the myths that contribute to the stigma surrounding this condition. Keywords: schizophrenia, mental health, danger, violence, stigma, schizophrenia myths, mental illness, mental health Australia, psychosis, mental health awareness What is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a severe mental health disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and for those around them. The symptoms of schizophrenia are typically classified into three categories: positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Positive Symptoms: These include hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not present), delusions (false beliefs that are not based in reality), and disorganised speech or behaviour. Negative Symptoms: These involve a reduction in the ability to function normally, such as diminished emotional expression, lack of motivation, and social withdrawal. Cognitive Symptoms: These can affect memory, attention, and decision-making, making it difficult for individuals with schizophrenia to organise their thoughts or complete tasks. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, but with appropriate treatment, including medication, psychotherapy, and social support, many individuals with schizophrenia can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. The Myth of Danger: Is Schizophrenia Associated with Violence? One of the most persistent myths about schizophrenia is that it is synonymous with danger and violence. This misconception is often perpetuated by sensationalised media portrayals of mental illness, which can lead to public fear and stigma. However, the reality is more nuanced, and the majority of individuals with schizophrenia are not violent. 1.1 Understanding the Link Between Schizophrenia and Violence Research indicates that individuals with schizophrenia are slightly more likely to engage in violent behaviour compared to the general population, but this risk is often exaggerated in public discourse. Studies show that the increased risk of violence is associated with specific factors, such as substance abuse, non-adherence to treatment, and the presence of certain symptoms like paranoia or command hallucinations (Fazel et al., 2009). A comprehensive meta-analysis by Fazel et al. (2009) found that individuals with schizophrenia are 4 to 6 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour than the general population. However, this risk is significantly reduced when individuals are receiving appropriate treatment and support. Moreover, the absolute risk remains low, with only a small minority of individuals with schizophrenia being involved in violent incidents. It is crucial to note that people with schizophrenia are more likely to be victims of violence than perpetrators. A study by Teplin et al. (2005) found that individuals with severe mental illness, including schizophrenia, are 11 times more likely to be victims of violent crime than the general population. This highlights the vulnerability of this group and the importance of providing adequate protection and support. 1.2 Substance Abuse as a Contributing Factor Substance abuse is a significant contributing factor to the increased risk of violence among individuals with schizophrenia. The co-occurrence of substance abuse and schizophrenia, known as dual diagnosis, can exacerbate symptoms and lead to a higher likelihood of aggressive behaviour (Swartz et al., 1998). Alcohol and drug use can impair judgement, increase impulsivity, and intensify symptoms such as paranoia and hallucinations, which may contribute to violent behaviour. Addressing substance abuse through integrated treatment programs that combine mental health care and addiction services is essential in reducing the risk of violence among individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and Stigma: The Impact of Misconceptions The myth that schizophrenia is inherently dangerous contributes to the stigma surrounding the disorder. This stigma can have profound effects on individuals with schizophrenia, including social isolation, discrimination, and barriers to accessing care. Fear of violence can lead to a reluctance to engage with individuals with schizophrenia, further marginalising them from society (Corrigan & Watson, 2002). 2.1 Social Isolation and Discrimination Stigma can lead to social isolation, as individuals with schizophrenia may be ostracised by their communities, friends, and even family members. This isolation can worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia and contribute to a downward spiral of mental health decline. Additionally, stigma can lead to discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, and healthcare, limiting opportunities for individuals with schizophrenia to lead fulfilling lives (Thornicroft et al., 2009). 2.2 Barriers to Accessing Care The fear of being labelled as dangerous or “crazy” can deter individuals with schizophrenia from seeking help. Stigma can prevent people from accessing the mental health care they need, leading to untreated symptoms and a higher risk of crisis situations. Reducing stigma through education and awareness is essential to encourage individuals with schizophrenia to seek treatment and support (Corrigan et al., 2004). Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a treatable condition, and many individuals with schizophrenia can manage their symptoms and lead productive lives with the right combination of medication, therapy, and social support. Early intervention and ongoing care are crucial in improving outcomes for people with schizophrenia. 3.1 Medication Antipsychotic medications are the cornerstone of schizophrenia treatment. These medications help reduce the intensity of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. There are two main types of antipsychotics: typical (first-generation) and atypical (second-generation). Atypical antipsychotics are generally preferred due to their lower risk of side effects, although both types can be effective depending on the individual (Leucht et

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 13/11/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Australia, like many countries, is currently facing significant increases in living costs, with housing, food, and energy prices reaching new highs. These rising expenses are placing substantial pressure on individuals and families, not only affecting their financial stability but also their mental well-being. As the cost of living continues to climb, understanding the psychological impact of these economic stressors is crucial for addressing the broader implications for public health. This article delves into the mental health effects of rising living costs, supported by scientific research and analysis. Keywords: Mental health effects of rising living costs, Financial stress and mental health, Cost of living and anxiety, Housing costs and mental health Australia, Impact of inflation on mental health, Economic stress and depression, Utility costs and mental well-being The Link Between Financial Stress and Mental Health Financial stress is one of the most potent sources of psychological distress. When individuals struggle to meet their basic needs due to financial constraints, it can lead to a range of mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and a decrease in overall life satisfaction. The relationship between financial hardship and mental health is well-documented, with numerous studies showing that economic stressors are strongly associated with adverse mental health outcomes (Richardson et al., 2013). In Australia, the rising cost of living has exacerbated these issues. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) reports that inflation has significantly increased the prices of essential goods and services, such as housing, groceries, and utilities (ABS, 2023). For many Australians, these rising costs have led to increased financial strain, which in turn has contributed to higher levels of stress and anxiety. Housing Costs and Mental Health One of the most significant contributors to financial stress in Australia is the cost of housing. The property market has seen substantial price increases in recent years, making it more difficult for individuals and families to afford rent or mortgage payments. The stress of housing instability can have profound effects on mental health, leading to feelings of insecurity, anxiety, and depression (Bentley et al., 2016). Research indicates that individuals who experience housing stress—defined as spending more than 30% of their income on housing—are more likely to report poor mental health compared to those with stable housing situations (Baker et al., 2013). This is particularly concerning in urban areas, where housing costs are highest, and the risk of mental health issues is amplified by the added pressures of city living. The Impact of Rising Utility and Food Costs In addition to housing, the rising costs of utilities and food are contributing to financial stress for many Australians. Energy prices have surged due to various factors, including global supply chain disruptions and increased demand. As a result, many households are struggling to afford basic necessities such as heating, electricity, and water, which can lead to further mental health challenges (ACOSS, 2022). Food insecurity is another growing concern. With grocery prices on the rise, more individuals are finding it difficult to afford a nutritious diet. Food insecurity has been linked to a range of mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and even suicidal ideation (Tarasuk et al., 2015). The stress of not knowing where the next meal will come from can be overwhelming, particularly for families with children. Coping Mechanisms and Long-Term Implications The psychological effects of rising living costs are not just short-term; they can have lasting implications for individuals’ mental health. Chronic financial stress can lead to the development of unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as substance abuse, overeating, or social withdrawal, which can further exacerbate mental health issues (Melchior et al., 2012). Moreover, the ongoing stress of financial instability can affect cognitive function, leading to difficulties in concentration, decision-making, and problem-solving (Mani et al., 2013). This cognitive burden can create a vicious cycle, where financial difficulties impair an individual’s ability to manage their finances effectively, leading to further stress and mental health deterioration. Addressing the Mental Health Impact of Rising Living Costs Given the significant mental health challenges associated with rising living costs, it is essential for policymakers, healthcare providers, and community organisations to address these issues proactively. This includes increasing access to mental health services, providing financial counselling, and implementing social support programs to assist those most affected by economic pressures. In Australia, there have been calls for increased government intervention to alleviate the financial burden on households, such as expanding affordable housing initiatives, regulating energy prices, and providing subsidies for essential goods (Productivity Commission, 2020). Additionally, raising public awareness about the mental health impacts of financial stress and encouraging individuals to seek help early can help mitigate the adverse effects. Conclusion The rising cost of living in Australia is having a profound impact on the mental health of individuals and families. Financial stress, driven by escalating housing, utility, and food costs, is leading to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. As these challenges continue to grow, it is crucial for society to address the underlying causes and provide the necessary support to protect the mental well-being of all Australians. References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Consumer Price Index, Australia. ABS. ACOSS. (2022). Energy Prices and the Impact on Low-Income Households. Australian Council of Social Service. Baker, E., Bentley, R., & Mason, K. (2013). The mental health effects of housing instability and homelessness: Evidence from Australia. Social Science & Medicine, 87, 93-100. Bentley, R., Baker, E., & Simons, K. (2016). Housing affordability, tenure and mental health in Australia and the UK: A comparative analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 192, 213-220. Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341(6149), 976-980. Melchior, M., Caspi, A., Howard, L. M., Ambler, A., Bolton, H., Mountain, N., … & Moffitt, T. E.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/12/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Clinical and safety disclaimer: This article contains general information about gambling addiction, also known as gambling disorder, and should not be relied on as a substitute for individual assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or financial support. If gambling is causing distress, debt, relationship strain, or affecting your safety or wellbeing, seek help from a qualified professional as early as possible. In Australia, Gambling Help Online provides free, confidential 24/7 support, including phone and online counselling, for people affected by gambling harm and their families. Call 1800 858 858 for immediate support. Gambling, for many, starts as a harmless diversion but can escalate into a destructive habit, impacting mental health, finances, and relationships. Understanding the psychology of gambling, seeking help, and employing effective strategies are crucial steps in overcoming gambling addiction. This article explores the nature of gambling addiction, treatment options, and practical advice for those seeking to break free from gambling habits. Understanding Gambling Addiction Psychology Behind Gambling: Gambling addiction, also known as pathological gambling, is a compulsive need to gamble despite harmful consequences. It’s driven by the brain’s reward system similar to substance addiction, providing a temporary ‘high’. The unpredictability of winning and losing creates a rush that can lead to addiction. Risk Factors: Several factors contribute to the development of gambling addiction, including genetics, personality traits such as impulsivity, and psychological issues like depression or anxiety. Social factors, such as peer influence and exposure to gambling environments, also play a role. Treatment Options Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is highly effective in treating gambling addiction. It focuses on changing unhealthy gambling behaviors and thoughts, such as rationalisations and false beliefs. It also teaches coping skills to resist the urge to gamble and deal with problems and triggers in healthier ways. Medication: While no medication is specifically designed to treat gambling addiction, some medications used for treating substance addiction or mental health issues can help with gambling addiction. These include antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and narcotic antagonists. Support Groups: Groups like Gamblers Anonymous provide peer support and follow a 12-step recovery program. They offer a sense of community and shared experiences, which can be incredibly helpful. Practical Strategies for Overcoming Gambling Habits Acknowledgment: The first step in overcoming gambling addiction is acknowledging the problem. Financial Control: Limit access to money. This can involve having a trusted family member manage finances or setting up automatic payments for bills. Seek Professional Help: Engage with therapists or support groups. Professional guidance is critical in understanding the root causes of addiction and learning how to overcome them. Avoid Triggers: Identify and avoid situations that trigger the urge to gamble, like visiting betting shops or casinos. Substitute Gambling with Positive Activities: Replace gambling with hobbies or activities that provide fulfillment and distraction. Strengthen Your Support Network: Engaging with family and friends who support your recovery can be incredibly beneficial. Set Realistic Goals: Establish short-term and long-term goals to focus on recovery. Conclusion Overcoming gambling addiction is a challenging yet achievable goal. It requires a combination of professional help, self-help strategies, and support from loved ones. With determination and the right tools, individuals can regain control and rebuild a healthy, fulfilling life free from gambling. How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) has introduced significant changes following its 2024 review, one of which is the removal of alcohol and drug-related services from the list of NDIS-funded supports. This decision, part of the broader effort to refocus the NDIS on its core objectives, has sparked discussions and concerns within the disability community and among service providers. This article delves into the reasons behind this removal, the potential impact on NDIS participants, and the broader implications for disability support services in Australia. Keywords: NDIS changes 2024, NDIS substance use support, Disability and substance abuse services Australia, Impact of NDIS review on participants, NDIS service changes, Substance abuse services NDIS, Disability support and substance use, Alcohol and drug services under NDIS What Are Alcohol and Drug-Related Services? Alcohol and drug-related services under the NDIS have historically included supports designed to help participants manage substance use issues, particularly when these issues are intertwined with a participant’s disability. These services could range from counselling and rehabilitation programs to harm reduction strategies and educational programs aimed at preventing substance abuse. For many individuals with disabilities, particularly those with complex support needs, these services have been crucial in managing both their substance use and the associated mental and physical health challenges (AIHW, 2020). Reasons for Removal of Alcohol and Drug-Related Services The decision to remove alcohol and drug-related services from NDIS funding stems from the review’s overarching goal to ensure that the Scheme remains sustainable and focused on its core purpose—supporting people with disabilities to achieve their goals and live more independently. The review emphasised that certain services, particularly those related to alcohol and drug use, are more appropriately funded and managed through mainstream health services rather than through the NDIS (NDIS, 2024). Minister for the NDIS, Bill Shorten, noted that the NDIS was never intended to cover all aspects of healthcare and that the integration of disability supports with existing health systems would lead to more effective service delivery. The government argues that substance use issues should be addressed within the framework of Australia’s broader public health and mental health systems, which are better equipped to provide workd treatment for alcohol and drug addiction (DSS, 2024). Impact on NDIS Participants The removal of these services from the NDIS could have significant implications for participants who rely on them. For individuals with disabilities who are also dealing with substance use disorders, the integrated support provided through the NDIS has been critical. The decision to remove these services may leave a gap in care, particularly for those who struggle to access mainstream health services due to barriers such as geographic isolation, financial constraints, or stigma (PWDA, 2024). There is also concern that without the NDIS covering these services, some participants may experience a decline in their overall well-being. Substance use disorders often require a multifaceted approach to treatment, particularly when they co-occur with other disabilities. The removal of these supports may result in participants falling through the cracks of the healthcare system, leading to worsened health outcomes and increased pressure on emergency services (AIHW, 2020). Broader Implications for Disability Services The removal of alcohol and drug-related services from the NDIS reflects a broader trend towards narrowing the scope of services funded by the Scheme. This decision has raised concerns among disability advocates who argue that the NDIS should take a holistic approach to disability support, recognising the complex interplay between disability, mental health, and substance use. Critics of the decision suggest that while mainstream health services may offer support for substance use, they may not fully understand or address the unique needs of individuals with disabilities. As a result, participants may not receive the comprehensive care they require, which could undermine the goals of the NDIS to support individuals in leading more independent and fulfilling lives (Kendrick & Ward, 2022). The Future of Integrated Care The removal of alcohol and drug-related services from the NDIS underscores the need for better integration between disability services and mainstream healthcare. To mitigate the impact of this change, there must be strong coordination between the NDIS and health services to ensure that participants with substance use issues receive appropriate care. Service providers and healthcare professionals will need to work closely together to bridge any gaps and ensure that participants do not face disruptions in their care. This could involve creating more streamlined referral processes, increasing awareness of available services within the health system, and advocating for policies that support the unique needs of people with disabilities who also have substance use disorders (Keesler, 2023). Conclusion The removal of alcohol and drug-related services from the NDIS following the August 2024 review represents a significant shift in the Scheme’s approach to funding. While the decision aims to refocus the NDIS on its core objectives, it raises concerns about the potential impact on participants who rely on these services. As the NDIS continues to evolve, it will be crucial to ensure that participants receive the comprehensive support they need, even if it means better integrating services with the broader health system. References Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2020). Australia’s health 2020: In brief. AIHW. Department of Social Services (DSS). (2024). NDIS review outcomes: Focus on core supports. DSS. Kendrick, M. J., & Ward, L. (2022). The evolving role of the NDIS in supporting holistic disability care. Australian Social Work, 75(1), 102-114. National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). (2024). August 2024 review: Changes to funded supports. NDIS. People with Disability Australia (PWDA). (2024). The implications of removing alcohol and drug-related services from the NDIS. PWDA. Keesler, J. M. (2023). Bridging the gap: Integrating disability services and substance use treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 142, 108837. How to get in touch If you or

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 06/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects social communication, behaviour, and sensory processing. As awareness and diagnosis of autism continue to rise, the role of an autism psychologist has become increasingly vital in providing support, assessment, and interventions for individuals with autism and their families. This article explores the functions, qualifications, and approaches of autism psychologists, highlighting the importance of their work in improving the quality of life for those on the autism spectrum. What is an Autism Psychologist? An autism psychologist is a professional who works in understanding, diagnosing, and treating Autism Spectrum Disorder. These psychologists have advanced training in neurodevelopmental disorders, behavioural therapy, and psychological assessment, allowing them to provide comprehensive care tailored to the unique needs of individuals with autism. Their work often involves collaboration with other healthcare professionals, educators, and families to develop and implement effective treatment plans (Lord et al., 2018). Key Responsibilities of an Autism Psychologist Assessment and Diagnosis: One of the primary roles of an autism psychologist is to assess and diagnose ASD. This process typically involves a combination of clinical interviews, behavioural observations, and standardised assessment tools such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) (Rutter et al., 2003). Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial in providing timely interventions that can significantly improve developmental outcomes (Dawson et al., 2012). Individualised Intervention Planning: Following a diagnosis, an autism psychologist works with the individual and their family to develop an intervention plan tailored to the person’s specific needs. This plan may include behavioural therapy, social skills training, and strategies for managing sensory sensitivities or challenging behaviours. The psychologist ensures that these interventions are evidence-based and adjusted as needed over time to accommodate changes in the individual’s development (Smith & Iadarola, 2015). Behavioural Therapy and Support: Autism psychologists often provide behavioural therapy, such as Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA), which is one of the most widely used and researched approaches for individuals with autism. ABA focuses on reinforcing positive behaviours and reducing problematic ones, helping individuals develop essential life skills (Leaf et al., 2016). Other therapeutic approaches may include Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for managing anxiety, which is common among individuals with autism (Wood et al., 2009). Family Education and Support: Supporting families is a critical aspect of an autism psychologist’s role. They provide education on ASD, help families understand the challenges their loved ones may face, and offer guidance on how to support their development effectively. Family support may also involve counselling to address the emotional and psychological impact of caring for a child with autism (Karst & Van Hecke, 2012). Advocacy and Collaboration: Autism psychologists often advocate for individuals with autism, ensuring they receive appropriate services and accommodations in educational and community settings. They collaborate with teachers, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, and other professionals to create a comprehensive support network around the individual (Volkmar et al., 2014). The Importance of Early Intervention Research has shown that early intervention is crucial in improving outcomes for children with autism. Autism psychologists play a key role in identifying the signs of ASD as early as possible and implementing strategies that can enhance communication, social skills, and cognitive development. Early intervention can lead to better long-term outcomes in terms of independence, academic achievement, and quality of life (Zwaigenbaum et al., 2015). Qualifications and Training To become an autism psychologist, one must complete a doctoral degree in psychology, typically with a focus on clinical or developmental psychology. Additionally, workd training in autism, neurodevelopmental disorders, and behavioural therapy is required. Many autism psychologists pursue certification in specific assessment tools and therapeutic approaches, such as ABA or ADOS, to enhance their expertise in working with individuals on the autism spectrum (APA, 2020). Challenges and Ethical Considerations Working as an autism psychologist comes with its own set of challenges and ethical considerations. These professionals must navigate the complexities of each individual’s unique presentation of autism, which can vary widely in terms of severity and symptoms. Ethical considerations include ensuring that interventions are evidence-based, culturally sensitive, and aligned with the individual’s and family’s values and goals (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013). Moreover, there is ongoing debate within the autism community regarding certain therapeutic approaches, particularly ABA, with some advocates expressing concerns about the potential for these interventions to be overly controlling or not fully respecting the autonomy of individuals with autism (Bottema-Beutel et al., 2020). Autism psychologists must stay informed about these discussions and continuously evaluate their practices to ensure they are providing the most ethical and effective care. Conclusion Autism psychologists play a critical role in supporting individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their families. Through assessment, intervention, and ongoing support, they help individuals with autism navigate the challenges of their condition and achieve their full potential. As the prevalence of autism continues to rise, the demand for skilled and compassionate autism psychologists will only increase, underscoring the importance of their work in the broader landscape of mental health and developmental services. References American Psychological Association (APA). (2020). Becoming a psychologist. American Psychological Association. Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2013). Principles of biomedical ethics (7th ed.). Oxford University Press. Bottema-Beutel, K., Crowley, S., Sandbank, M., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2020). Research review: Conflicts of interest and confirmation bias in autism intervention research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(11), 1176-1187. Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., … & Varley, J. (2012). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: The Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17-e23. Karst, J. S., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2012). Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clinical Child and Family