Author name: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 22/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. An anger management psychologist helps individuals identify, understand, and control their anger through structured therapeutic methods. Anger, while a natural emotion, can become problematic when expressed destructively or excessively. Anger management therapy focuses on teaching individuals healthier ways to handle their emotions and reduce aggressive behaviours that can negatively affect relationships, work, and personal well-being. Keywords: Anger management psychologist, Anger management therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for anger, Mindfulness in anger management, Emotional regulation techniques, Signs you need anger management, Benefits of anger management therapy, Online anger management therapy What is Anger Management? Anger management involves the process of learning techniques to control and regulate one’s emotional responses, particularly feelings of anger. This therapeutic approach is not about suppressing anger but rather learning to express it in healthy, constructive ways. According to Kassinove and Tafrate (2002), anger management can reduce the frequency and intensity of anger outbursts and the physical symptoms associated with anger, such as an increased heart rate or muscle tension. What Does an Anger Management Psychologist Do? An anger management psychologist utilises evidence-based techniques to help individuals understand their anger triggers and manage their emotional responses. This often includes: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Psychologists use CBT to help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns that lead to anger. This therapy teaches clients to reframe their thinking and reduce emotional reactivity (Beck, 2011). Mindfulness-based techniques: Mindfulness encourages self-awareness and teaches individuals to pause and reflect before reacting impulsively, helping them reduce emotional reactivity (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). Relaxation techniques: Strategies such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and visualisation help calm the body’s physical response to anger and reduce the likelihood of an outburst (Kassinove & Tafrate, 2002). Why Seek Anger Management Therapy? Uncontrolled anger can have a significant impact on personal and professional life. Some reasons individuals might seek anger management therapy include: Relationship difficulties: Anger can strain family, romantic, or work relationships. Workplace issues: Inability to control anger at work can lead to conflicts with colleagues or supervisors, affecting career progression. Legal issues: Individuals may be required to undergo anger management therapy following incidents such as domestic disputes or physical altercations. Signs That You May Need Anger Management Therapy Anger management psychologists often work with individuals who display the following signs: Frequent irritation or outbursts: Feeling angry over minor issues or frequent verbal or physical aggression. Inability to manage stress: Struggling to cope with stress and reacting with anger. Physical symptoms during anger: Increased heart rate, muscle tension, or sweating when angry. Feelings of guilt or regret after anger outbursts. Benefits of Anger Management Therapy Therapy can significantly improve emotional regulation and lead to better relationships and mental well-being. Some of the benefits include: Improved communication: Individuals learn to express their feelings in a calm and constructive manner, reducing conflicts. Enhanced emotional awareness: Understanding the root causes of anger can help prevent emotional build-up and reduce the frequency of outbursts. Reduced stress: Managing anger effectively can lower overall stress levels, improving mental and physical health (Kassinove & Tafrate, 2002). Telehealth and Online Anger Management Therapy Many psychologists now offer telehealth services, allowing individuals to access anger management therapy online. This is particularly helpful for individuals living in rural or remote areas, or for those who prefer the convenience of remote therapy sessions. Research shows that online therapy can be just as effective as in-person sessions for anger management and emotional regulation (Batastini et al., 2021). How Long Does Anger Management Therapy Usually Take? The duration of anger management therapy can vary depending on the individual’s specific needs and goals. Typically, it ranges from 6 to 12 weeks, with one session per week. However, for individuals with more deep-seated anger issues or complex underlying problems, therapy may take several months or even longer. The frequency of sessions and overall duration depends on the progress made, the severity of anger issues, and how quickly the individual can implement learned strategies into their daily life. Regular reviews with the psychologist ensure that therapy is progressing as needed. Conclusion Engaging with an anger management psychologist can provide essential tools to regulate emotions and prevent anger from negatively affecting one’s life. With evidence-based approaches like CBT, mindfulness, and relaxation techniques, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of their triggers and learn healthier ways to express their emotions. This can lead to improved relationships, better mental health, and a reduction in the negative consequences of uncontrolled anger. References Beck, A. T. (2011). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. Guilford Press. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). Clinical Psychology Review, 24(2), 189-210. Kassinove, H., & Tafrate, R. C. (2002). Anger Management: The Complete Treatment Guidebook for Practitioners. Impact Publishers. Batastini, A. B., Paprzycki, P., Jones, A. C., & MacLean, N. (2021). Are videoconferenced mental and behavioral health services just as good as in-person? A meta-analysis of a fast-growing practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 83, 101944. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 02/12/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Hypochondria, now more commonly referred to as illness anxiety disorder (IAD), is a condition characterised by an excessive preoccupation with having or developing a serious medical condition. Despite reassurances from medical professionals and the absence of significant physical symptoms, individuals with hypochondria persistently believe they are unwell, leading to significant distress and interference with daily life. Keywords: Hypochondria, Illness Anxiety Disorder, Health anxiety, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Hypochondria symptoms, Hypochondria treatment, Health anxiety disorder, Excessive health worry, Somatic symptom disorders What is Hypochondria? Hypochondria, previously classified as a somatoform disorder in earlier editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), is now identified as Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD) in the DSM-5. People with IAD experience overwhelming fear and anxiety about their health, often misinterpreting normal bodily sensations, such as minor aches or pains, as signs of serious illness (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The key feature of IAD is the persistent concern over health, which may not be alleviated by medical evaluations or negative test results. This chronic anxiety can lead to frequent doctor visits, repetitive medical testing, or, conversely, avoiding medical care due to fear of receiving a diagnosis. Symptoms of Hypochondria Some common signs and symptoms of hypochondria include: Preoccupation with health concerns: Constantly thinking about health problems or fearing a serious illness despite the lack of medical evidence. Frequent body checks: Excessively monitoring one’s body for signs of illness, such as checking the skin for rashes, checking vital signs, or self-diagnosing minor symptoms. Overuse of medical services: Visiting multiple healthcare providers in search of a diagnosis or reassurance about their health. Health-related avoidance: Avoiding medical appointments, tests, or even conversations about health due to fear of learning about an illness. Reassurance-seeking behaviour: Constantly seeking reassurance from doctors, family members, or friends that they are not seriously ill, even though such reassurance often provides only temporary relief. Causes of Hypochondria The exact cause of hypochondria is unknown, but several factors may contribute to its development: Genetic predisposition: Some studies suggest that individuals with a family history of anxiety disorders may be more prone to developing hypochondria (Noyes et al., 1999). Psychological factors: Those with a history of generalised anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or other anxiety-related conditions may be more susceptible to health anxiety. These individuals may have an increased sensitivity to bodily sensations, amplifying the fear of illness (Taylor & Asmundson, 2004). Past experiences: A history of serious illness, either personally or within the family, may contribute to a heightened focus on health concerns. For example, someone who has survived cancer or lost a loved one to a disease may become hypervigilant about their health. Cognitive factors: Cognitive theories suggest that hypochondriacs may misinterpret normal bodily sensations as dangerous, leading to catastrophic thinking and excessive health concerns. How Does Hypochondria Differ From General Anxiety? Hypochondria (now known as Illness Anxiety Disorder) and general anxiety disorder (GAD) are both forms of anxiety but differ significantly in their focus and presentation. Focus of Anxiety: Hypochondria involves a preoccupation with having or developing a serious medical illness despite the absence of significant symptoms or medical evidence. The primary fear revolves around physical health, and individuals often misinterpret normal bodily sensations as signs of severe illness (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterised by excessive worry about a variety of everyday life issues, such as work, relationships, finances, or future uncertainties. The focus is much broader and not limited to health-related concerns (APA, 2013). Symptoms: People with hypochondria are highly focused on body monitoring, frequently checking for signs of illness, and seeking constant reassurance from medical professionals or loved ones, even after tests show no issues (Taylor & Asmundson, 2004). GAD manifests as persistent worry that is difficult to control, along with physical symptoms like muscle tension, restlessness, fatigue, and sleep disturbances, but the worry is more general and not tied to any specific health concerns (Noyes et al., 1999). Medical Consultation: Hypochondria often leads to frequent medical visits, diagnostic tests, and doctor shopping, even in the absence of symptoms, as individuals believe they are unwell despite reassurances. Individuals with GAD may avoid medical consultations unless their anxiety revolves around health issues, and their anxiety tends to involve more areas of life, not just physical health. Both conditions involve chronic anxiety, but hypochondria is unique in its persistent focus on health fears. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective for both, but treatment for hypochondria may also focus on challenging the fear of illness specifically (Warwick & Salkovskis, 2001). Psychological Impact of Hypochondria Hypochondria can significantly impact an individual’s mental and emotional well-being. Constant worry about health may lead to increased stress, which can worsen physical symptoms, creating a vicious cycle. Individuals with IAD often struggle with: Social isolation: Excessive focus on health can cause individuals to withdraw from social activities or relationships, exacerbating feelings of loneliness. Work and daily functioning: The preoccupation with illness can interfere with concentration and productivity, affecting work performance or other daily responsibilities. Co-occurring disorders: Hypochondria often coexists with other mental health disorders, such as depression, generalised anxiety disorder, or panic disorder, making treatment more complex (Barsky et al., 2001). How Can Hypochondria Affect Relationships? Hypochondria, or Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD), can significantly affect personal relationships due to the persistent anxiety and preoccupation with health that individuals experience. The impacts on relationships are often multifaceted: Emotional Strain on Partners: Partners or family members of individuals with hypochondria often face emotional exhaustion. Constantly providing reassurance about health concerns and accompanying the individual to numerous medical appointments can become overwhelming. The persistent worry of the affected individual may dominate conversations and interactions, leaving little space for addressing other aspects of the relationship (Abramowitz et al., 2014). Social Isolation:

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Anja Christoffersen is a young woman from Australia who was born with a rare condition known as uterus didelphys, which means she has two vaginas, two wombs, and two cervixes. This congenital condition results from an incomplete fusion of the Müllerian ducts during embryonic development, leading to the duplication of the reproductive system (Heinonen, 1984). While some women with uterus didelphys remain asymptomatic, others experience complications such as menstrual irregularities, infertility, and difficulties during pregnancy (Raga et al., 1997). Keywords: VACTERL association, VATER syndrome. Congenital birth defects, Vertebral anomalies in VACTERLl Anal atresia and VACTERL, VACTERL diagnosis, Cardiac defects in VACTERL,Tracheo-esophageal fistula in VACTERL, Renal anomalies in VACTERL association What Is Uterus Didelphys? Uterus didelphys, also known as a double uterus, occurs when a female’s reproductive system develops two separate uteri, each with its own cervix. It is one of several Müllerian duct anomalies, which can affect the shape, size, and functionality of the reproductive organs. In women with this condition, the reproductive system is duplicated, but the external genitalia typically appear normal (Grimbizis et al., 2001). Anja Christoffersen, despite the challenges posed by her condition, has become an advocate for awareness of congenital reproductive anomalies and aims to destigmatise conditions like hers by sharing her personal journey. By bringing attention to uterus didelphys, she highlights the importance of early diagnosis and medical care for women with similar conditions. Symptoms and Challenges The symptoms and effects of uterus didelphys vary widely. Some women remain asymptomatic and only discover the condition through imaging studies conducted for unrelated reasons. However, for others, uterus didelphys can lead to complications such as: Menstrual Difficulties: Women with uterus didelphys may experience two separate menstrual cycles, as both uteri function independently (Grimbizis et al., 2001). This can lead to irregular or painful menstruation. Fertility Issues: While many women with this condition can conceive, they may face a higher risk of miscarriage, preterm labour, or complications during delivery, depending on the size and shape of the uteri (Raga et al., 1997). Pregnancy Complications: Women with uterus didelphys who become pregnant are often monitored closely, as the condition increases the likelihood of preterm birth, breech presentation, and the need for caesarean delivery. Anja Christoffersen has shared that pregnancy is possible but can be complex due to the condition’s unique anatomy. Emotional and Psychological Impact: Conditions like uterus didelphys can have a profound emotional impact, leading to anxiety about fertility and reproductive health. Anja’s advocacy is also focused on raising awareness of these psychological aspects, helping women to feel less isolated in their experiences. Diagnosis and Treatment Uterus didelphys is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, MRI, or hysterosalpingography (a workd X-ray used to examine the uterus and fallopian tubes) (Heinonen, 1984). Many cases are identified when women experience difficulties related to menstruation or pregnancy. Treatment for uterus didelphys largely depends on the symptoms. Women who are asymptomatic may not require treatment, while those with significant menstrual pain or reproductive complications may need surgical intervention. In cases where reproductive issues are a concern, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), may be helpful (Grimbizis et al., 2001). Anja Christoffersen’s Advocacy Anja Christoffersen’s openness about her experiences living with uterus didelphys has helped to raise awareness of this and other congenital reproductive conditions. Her journey emphasises the importance of recognising the diversity of women’s reproductive health experiences. By speaking publicly, Anja has empowered others with similar conditions to seek support and medical attention without fear of stigma. Modeling Asperations Anja Christoffersen’s journey into the world of modelling reflects her drive to challenge beauty standards and promote body positivity, particularly for women living with medical conditions like uterus didelphys. Despite facing health challenges, Anja has embraced modelling as a platform to raise awareness about congenital reproductive issues and advocate for women’s health. Through her work, she seeks to highlight the importance of diverse representations of beauty, breaking away from traditional norms, and empowering others to embrace their uniqueness and overcome personal struggles. Anja’s Mental Health Anja Christoffersen has been open about the mental health challenges she has faced due to living with uterus didelphys, a condition that can create both physical and emotional difficulties. As a result of dealing with multiple surgeries, chronic pain, and concerns around fertility, Anja has experienced feelings of isolation, anxiety, and self-consciousness. However, through her advocacy work, she has found empowerment, using her platform to encourage others with similar conditions to seek mental health support, break the stigma surrounding reproductive health, and share their stories. The psychological toll of living with a rare condition like uterus didelphys can be profound, particularly when compounded by societal pressures around fertility and body image. Anxiety and depression are common in individuals facing chronic health issues, especially when the condition affects intimate aspects of life such as reproduction. Christoffersen has stressed the importance of open conversations about mental health in conjunction with medical treatment, as emotional support is essential for managing both the physical and psychological aspects of such conditions. By using social media and public platforms, Anja has become a voice for those with similar experiences, promoting resilience, body positivity, and the importance of seeking both medical and psychological care. Her advocacy extends to raising awareness about the mental health impacts of reproductive disorders, ensuring that women know they are not alone and that help is available. VACTERL Association: An Overview of a Rare Congenital Disorder VACTERL association (also referred to as VATER association) is a rare congenital condition characterised by the presence of a combination of birth defects affecting multiple systems of the body. The acronym VACTERL stands for Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal anomalies, and Limb abnormalities, which are the primary

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 22/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The holiday season is often portrayed as a time of joy, celebration, and togetherness. However, it can also be a period of stress, heightened emotions, and challenges for many relationships. From family dynamics to romantic partnerships, the festive period brings a unique set of pressures that can impact relationships in various ways. This article explores the effects of the holiday season on relationships, offering insights into the complexities and how to navigate them. The Impact of the Holiday Season on Relationships Increased Stress and Expectations The holidays often come with a set of expectations – be it hosting family dinners, buying the perfect gifts, or creating memorable experiences. This pressure can lead to increased stress, which may strain relationships. A survey by the American Psychological Association found that stress levels tend to spike during the holidays, particularly around expectations and financial concerns. Amplified Family Dynamics Family gatherings during the holidays can amplify existing dynamics and tensions. Unresolved issues may surface, and the enforced closeness can sometimes lead to conflicts. On the flip side, for some, the holidays can be a time of reconciliation and strengthening family bonds. Romantic Relationships Under the Spotlight For couples, the holiday season can be a make-or-break period. The stress of planning, financial pressures, and family interactions can test the strength of a relationship. According to a study by the University of Virginia, many couples experience heightened emotional sensitivity during the holidays, which can lead to increased conflict or, conversely, deeper intimacy. Loneliness and Isolation The emphasis on togetherness during the holidays can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and isolation for those who are single or away from family. A report by the National Alliance on Mental Illness highlighted that the holidays can be particularly challenging for people dealing with loneliness, leading to increased feelings of sadness and isolation. Navigating Relationship Challenges During the Holidays Set Realistic Expectations: Acknowledge that the holidays can be stressful and that it’s okay not to have a ‘perfect’ experience. Communicate Openly: Keep communication lines open with your partner, family, and friends. Discuss plans, expectations, and feelings to avoid misunderstandings. Allocate Personal Time: It’s important to take time for yourself amidst the holiday chaos. Personal time can help in managing stress and maintaining perspective. Practice Empathy and Patience: Being empathetic and patient with loved ones can help in navigating through tense situations. Seek Support if Needed: Don’t hesitate to seek support from a counselor or therapist if you find the holiday period particularly challenging for your relationships. Conclusion The holiday season can be a mixed bag of emotions and experiences for relationships. While it offers opportunities for joy and connection, it can also bring stress, conflict, and feelings of isolation. Understanding these dynamics and adopting coping strategies can help in managing the challenges and making the most of the holiday season. How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 01/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Certain movies, due to their intense themes, graphic imagery, or distressing content, can negatively impact mental health, especially for individuals sensitive to emotional triggers. Below are some films that can be particularly harmful, especially for those struggling with anxiety, depression, or trauma. Keywords: Worst movies for mental health, Movies that trigger anxiety, Films harmful to mental health, Psychological impact of horror films, Movies that affect depression, Films to avoid with PTSD, Mental health triggers in movies, Movies with negative emotional impact, Disturbing films and mental health, How movies affect mental well-being 1. Requiem for a Dream (2000) Darren Aronofsky’s Requiem for a Dream is known for its harrowing portrayal of addiction and its destructive impact on individuals’ lives. The film’s intense visuals, disturbing subject matter, and unrelenting downward spiral of its characters can be emotionally overwhelming. Studies show that prolonged exposure to distressing content can exacerbate symptoms of depression and anxiety, especially for those recovering from addiction (American Psychological Association, 2013). 2. Hereditary (2018) Hereditary is a psychological horror film that delves deeply into themes of family trauma and mental illness. While it’s celebrated for its masterful tension, viewers sensitive to themes of grief, familial breakdown, or mental health disorders may find it unsettling. Psychological horror films can often trigger feelings of paranoia and anxiety in vulnerable individuals, according to research on the impact of horror films on mental health (Sparks & Sparks, 2000). 3. A Serbian Film (2010) A Serbian Film is often cited as one of the most disturbing films ever made due to its graphic depictions of violence, including sexual violence. The extreme content has led mental health professionals to warn against viewing such films, as they may trigger PTSD or cause long-term distress, particularly in individuals with trauma histories (Harvard Health Publishing, 2018). 4. The Road (2009) Based on Cormac McCarthy’s novel, The Road is a bleak post-apocalyptic drama that explores themes of survival, loss, and hopelessness. The film’s dark tone, combined with its focus on the collapse of society, can exacerbate feelings of existential dread or despair, especially in those prone to depressive episodes. Exposure to films with highly pessimistic narratives can worsen mental health conditions like anxiety or depression (Psychiatry Research, 2014). 5. Melancholia (2011) Lars von Trier’s Melancholia is a visually stunning but emotionally heavy film about depression, existential despair, and the end of the world. While it accurately portrays the experience of mental illness, it can also be triggering for those who struggle with depressive disorders, as the film immerses viewers in a bleak, hopeless world. The intense focus on apathy and doom can leave viewers with lasting feelings of sadness or hopelessness (Cohen & Pressman, 2015). Conclusion While film can be a powerful medium for exploring deep and sometimes uncomfortable emotions, certain movies may exacerbate mental health conditions, especially for individuals who are vulnerable to anxiety, depression, or trauma. If you are sensitive to distressing content, it’s important to be mindful of your mental health when choosing which films to watch. Consider reading reviews or content warnings beforehand to avoid potential triggers. References American Psychological Association. (2013). The Impact of Media on Mental Health. Harvard Health Publishing. (2018). Watching Violent Media Can Affect Mental Health. Sparks, G. G., & Sparks, C. W. (2000). Effects of Media on Anxiety and Paranoia. Journal of Communication Research. Cohen, S., & Pressman, S. (2015). Negative Media, Depression, and Well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology. Psychiatry Research. (2014). The Impact of Post-apocalyptic Films on Mental Health. Psychiatry Research Journal. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 08/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. In October 2024, the Australian government officially removed funding for sex therapy and sexual services from the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). This decision follows growing concerns about the scope of services funded under the scheme, sparking debate between policymakers and disability advocates. While proponents of the change argue that the NDIS should focus on more “essential” services, critics highlight the importance of sexual health and intimacy for people with disabilities. Keywords: NDIS advocacy, How to advocate for NDIS services, Disability self-advocacy, NDIS appeals process, Advocacy organisations for NDIS, Support for NDIS service appeals, Disability advocacy Australia, Requesting NDIS plan reviews, How to challenge NDIS decisions Background The move to cut sex therapy from the NDIS has roots in earlier controversies surrounding the inclusion of sexual services under the scheme. A key moment in this debate came when the Administrative Appeals Tribunal ruled in favour of a participant who sought funding for sexual therapy in 2017. This decision set a precedent for NDIS participants to claim sex-related services as part of their “reasonable and necessary” support under the scheme. However, the ruling was met with backlash from federal ministers, with NDIS Minister Stuart Robert leading efforts to legislate changes that would prevent taxpayer money from funding sexual services. The government argued that these services fell outside the core purpose of the NDIS, which is designed to support Australians with disabilities in managing daily life, health, and well-being, but not to cover sexual services (Hadley, 2021). Reasons for the Cut The primary reasons for the cut centre around the idea of aligning the NDIS with what is considered “reasonable and necessary” supports. Sex therapy, while acknowledged as important for personal well-being, was deemed outside the scope of essential services. Government officials argue that the scheme should prioritise medical care, daily living support, mental health services, and mobility aids. Moreover, the government has pointed out that sexual services remain lawful and accessible for participants, but should be self-funded rather than supported by public funds. Ministers argue that removing these services prevents potential misuse of taxpayer money, particularly in cases where the service may not align with broader public expectations of what the NDIS should cover (Robert, 2021). What Services Will the NDIS Cover Now? The NDIS covers a wide range of services to help people with disabilities achieve their goals and improve their quality of life. These services include: Core supports: Assistance with daily living, such as personal care, transport, and household tasks. Capacity-building supports: Services to improve skills and independence, like therapies, education, and employment support. Capital supports: Equipment and home modifications, such as wheelchairs and accessible housing. Each support must be “reasonable and necessary” according to NDIS guidelines (NDIS, 2022). How Does the Government Define ‘Reasonable and Necessary’? The government defines “reasonable and necessary” supports under the NDIS as services or items that are related to a person’s disability and are required to help them live independently and achieve their goals. These supports must be effective and beneficial to the participant, represent value for money, and take into account informal supports provided by family or community. Additionally, they must be the responsibility of the NDIS, rather than other government services like healthcare or education (NDIS, 2022). Impact on People with Disabilities Disability advocates and support groups have expressed concern about the removal of sex therapy from the NDIS. Sexual health is widely regarded as a significant component of an individual’s overall well-being, particularly for people with disabilities who may face additional barriers to forming intimate relationships or accessing sexual services. Advocates argue that cutting these services reinforces the stigma surrounding the sexuality of people with disabilities, potentially marginalising their needs. Some professionals in the field of disability support emphasise that sexual therapy can play a critical role in improving the quality of life for participants, enhancing self-esteem, and addressing emotional and psychological well-being. How are Disabled People Reacting to These Cuts? Disabled individuals and advocacy groups have largely reacted with disappointment and concern to the cuts in sex therapy services from the NDIS. Many argue that sexual health and intimacy are essential components of overall well-being, and excluding these services could marginalise the sexual rights of people with disabilities. Critics believe the decision reinforces stigmas around the sexuality of disabled people and creates additional barriers to their access to comprehensive healthcare, including emotional and psychological support that addresses sexual relationships. What are the Alternatives to Sex Therapy? For individuals who can no longer access sex therapy under the NDIS, several alternative therapies can address emotional, psychological, and intimacy-related issues: Psychological Counselling: General therapy with a psychologist or counsellor can help address emotional well-being, relationship dynamics, and self-esteem. Occupational Therapy: This can assist with developing skills for independent living, including emotional and social connections. Relationship Counselling: Focuses on improving communication and intimacy between partners, which can enhance sexual health indirectly. These alternatives support the holistic well-being of individuals with disabilities. Ethical Considerations The debate also raises broader ethical questions about the responsibility of public welfare programs to address sexual health and intimacy. While the NDIS is designed to support participants’ independence and quality of life, opinions differ on whether sexual health fits into this mandate. Critics argue that excluding these services reflects a narrow understanding of disability and well-being, while the government maintains that it is a necessary step to ensure the scheme remains sustainable and focused on priority areas. How Can Disabled Individuals Advocate for Services? Disabled individuals can advocate for NDIS services by: Engaging in Self-Advocacy: Expressing their needs clearly during NDIS planning meetings and reviews. Working with Advocacy Organisations: Partnering with disability advocacy groups, such as People With Disability Australia (PWDA) or the National Disability Advocacy Program (NDAP), for professional support

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 12/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Narcissistic bosses can create highly toxic work environments due to their manipulative and self-centered behaviours. Understanding whether your boss exhibits narcissistic tendencies can help you navigate the workplace more effectively and protect your mental well-being. Narcissism, particularly in leadership roles, often manifests in specific patterns of behaviour. Let’s break down some key signs that may indicate your boss is a narcissist. Keywords: Is my boss a narcissist, Signs of a narcissistic boss, How to deal with a narcissistic boss, Narcissism in the workplace, Toxic boss behaviour, Narcissistic leadership traits, Narcissistic boss symptoms, Recognising narcissism in a boss, Effects of narcissistic boss on employees 1. They Take Credit for Your Work A hallmark of narcissistic behaviour is the tendency to take credit for the accomplishments of others. Narcissistic bosses are often reluctant to acknowledge their team’s contributions and may downplay the value of employees’ work. They may position themselves as the central figure in any success while deflecting blame when things go wrong (Psychology Today, 2021). This behaviour not only creates resentment but also undermines team morale, leading to high turnover and disengagement (Choosing Therapy, 2023). 2. Lack of Empathy Narcissists are notorious for their inability to empathise with others. A narcissistic boss may display a casual disregard for employees’ emotional well-being, refusing to recognise the struggles or challenges their team members face (Judge Anthony, 2023). This lack of empathy can make you feel undervalued, unsupported, and isolated in the workplace, leading to stress and burnout. 3. Manipulation and Control Narcissistic bosses often resort to manipulative tactics to maintain power and control. This includes micromanaging tasks, playing favourites, and using intimidation to keep employees in line. They may also use public criticism or belittling tactics to establish dominance, creating a hostile and toxic work culture (Psychology Today, 2021). 4. Grandiosity and the Need for Admiration Narcissistic individuals crave attention and admiration. In the workplace, this might manifest as a boss constantly monopolising meetings to talk about their achievements or demanding excessive praise from their team. They often exhibit an inflated sense of self-importance and are quick to boast about their successes while downplaying the efforts of others (Choosing Therapy, 2023). This can create a tense environment where employees feel pressured to feed into the narcissist’s ego. 5. Unpredictable and Erratic Behaviour A narcissistic boss can be inconsistent in their treatment of employees. One day they may seem supportive, and the next they could be overly critical or dismissive. This unpredictable behaviour makes it difficult for employees to gauge how to interact with their boss, resulting in an environment of uncertainty and fear (Judge Anthony, 2023). How to Cope with a Narcissistic Boss If you recognise these signs in your boss, there are strategies to manage your interactions and protect your mental health: Set Boundaries: Be clear about your professional boundaries and don’t let the boss exploit your time or energy. Document Everything: Keep records of communications and decisions, especially if your boss is prone to shifting blame or taking credit for your work. Focus on Self-Care: A narcissistic environment can take a toll on your well-being, so it’s essential to prioritise self-care and seek support from friends, family, or a therapist if needed. Conclusion Recognising the signs of a narcissistic boss is the first step in protecting yourself in a toxic work environment. By understanding their behaviours and using practical coping strategies, you can manage interactions more effectively and maintain your mental well-being. References Psychology Today (2021). 10 Signs Your Boss is a Narcissist. Choosing Therapy (2023). How to Deal with a Narcissistic Boss. Judge Anthony (2023). Is My Boss a Narcissist? Key Traits to Recognise. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Sleep is crucial for mental and physical health, but oversleeping, known as hypersomnia, can have detrimental effects on mental wellbeing. While many focus on the dangers of sleep deprivation, excessive sleep can be equally harmful. Studies show that chronic oversleeping is linked to increased risks of depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline (Ferrie et al., 2011). This article explores the psychological dangers of oversleeping, why it happens, and how to manage it. Keywords: Mental health and oversleeping, Dangers of oversleeping, Hypersomnia and depression, Cognitive decline and oversleeping, Sleep disorders and mental health, Oversleeping and anxiety, Causes of hypersomnia, Effects of too much sleep Understanding Hypersomnia Hypersomnia refers to excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged night-time sleep, often lasting over nine hours (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2014). While occasional long sleep periods are not usually concerning, consistent oversleeping can signal underlying physical or mental health issues. Unlike restorative sleep, hypersomnia leaves individuals feeling fatigued, which can worsen mental health symptoms. Mental Health Effects of Oversleeping Increased Risk of Depression One of the most significant mental health risks associated with oversleeping is depression. Research has consistently shown a bi-directional relationship between sleep disturbances and depression. While sleep disturbances are common in people with depression, oversleeping can also exacerbate depressive symptoms (Soehner et al., 2014). Prolonged sleep disrupts daily routines and social interactions, both of which are protective factors against depression. Individuals who sleep excessively may withdraw from social activities, which can worsen feelings of isolation and low mood. Cognitive Impairment Oversleeping has also been associated with cognitive decline and impairments in memory, attention, and decision-making. A large study by Ferrie et al. (2011) found that individuals who sleep more than nine hours per night are at higher risk of developing cognitive impairments compared to those with regular sleep patterns. Excessive sleep can reduce the brain’s ability to function optimally, leading to slower cognitive processing and reduced mental sharpness. Increased Anxiety While oversleeping is commonly associated with depression, it can also trigger or worsen anxiety. Disrupted circadian rhythms, irregular sleep patterns, and prolonged inactivity contribute to heightened anxiety levels. People who oversleep may find it challenging to maintain structure and balance in their lives, leading to stress and feelings of unease (Benca et al., 2000). Furthermore, oversleeping can interfere with one’s ability to manage daily tasks, leading to overwhelming feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. Reduced Motivation and Productivity Oversleeping has been linked to reduced motivation and productivity. Hypersomnia often leaves individuals feeling sluggish, unmotivated, and less inclined to engage in fulfilling activities. A sedentary lifestyle driven by excessive sleep can further contribute to feelings of lethargy and disinterest. Over time, this can negatively affect mental health by promoting a cycle of inactivity and low self-esteem. Causes of Oversleeping There are several potential causes of hypersomnia, many of which overlap with mental health conditions. Depression and Anxiety: Both can cause disruptions to sleep patterns, leading to excessive sleeping in an attempt to escape emotional distress. Sleep Apnoea: A medical condition that interrupts breathing during sleep, leading to non-restorative sleep and daytime fatigue, often resulting in oversleeping. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: People with this condition often experience unrefreshing sleep, leading to prolonged periods of rest in an attempt to alleviate fatigue. Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants, sedatives, or medications for chronic pain, can lead to oversleeping as a side effect (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2014). Managing Hypersomnia and Protecting Mental Health Managing hypersomnia requires identifying the underlying cause and addressing any co-occurring mental health conditions. Some strategies include: Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) CBT is a well-established therapy for managing sleep disorders. For individuals struggling with oversleeping related to mental health issues, CBT can help in restructuring sleep habits and addressing the cognitive distortions that may contribute to excessive sleep (Espie et al., 2007). Establishing a Routine Maintaining a consistent sleep-wake cycle is essential for regulating circadian rhythms. Setting a regular bedtime and wake-up time can help train the body to sleep appropriately and reduce excessive daytime sleepiness. Engaging in Physical Activity Exercise is a proven mood booster and can reduce feelings of depression and anxiety. Regular physical activity also helps to regulate sleep patterns by increasing energy expenditure during the day, promoting restful sleep at night (Kredlow et al., 2015). Medication Review For those experiencing hypersomnia due to medications, consulting with a healthcare professional to adjust dosages or find alternative treatments can reduce excessive sleep without compromising other areas of health. Sleep Hygiene Practices Improving sleep hygiene, such as limiting naps, reducing caffeine intake, and creating a conducive sleep environment, can aid in managing oversleeping. Good sleep hygiene also promotes higher quality sleep, reducing the need for long periods of rest. Conclusion While sleep is vital for overall wellbeing, oversleeping can have serious consequences for mental health. Excessive sleep is linked to depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, and reduced productivity. By understanding the causes and effects of oversleeping, individuals can take steps to regulate their sleep patterns and protect their mental health. If hypersomnia persists, seeking professional help can be an important step in addressing the root cause and improving quality of life. References American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders (3rd ed.). Darien, IL: Author. Benca, R. M., Obermeyer, W. H., Thisted, R. A., & Gillin, J. C. (2000). Sleep and psychiatric disorders. A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(9), 904-915. Espie, C. A., Kyle, S. D., Williams, C., Ong, J. C., Douglas, N. J., & Hames, P. (2007). A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for chronic insomnia disorder delivered via an online digital health platform. Sleep, 35(6), 769-781. Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Cappuccio, F. P., Brunner, E., Miller, M. A., Kumari, M., & Marmot, M. G. (2011). A prospective study of change in sleep duration: Associations with mortality in the Whitehall II cohort. Sleep, 34(5), 565-573. Kredlow, M. A., Capozzoli, M. C., Hearon, B. A., Calkins, A. W., & Otto, M. W. (2015). The effects of physical activity on sleep: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral