Author name: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 12/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The concept of a growth mindset, introduced by psychologist Carol Dweck, refers to the belief that abilities, intelligence, and talents can be developed through effort, learning, and perseverance. In contrast to a fixed mindset, where individuals believe their capabilities are static, a growth mindset fosters resilience and a willingness to face challenges. This article explores the psychology behind a growth mindset, its impact on personal and professional development, and how it can be cultivated for long-term success. Keywords: Growth mindset, Psychology of success, Resilience and mindset, Neuroplasticity and learning, Developing a growth mindset, Effort vs. outcome in growth, Growth mindset in the workplace, Long-term success mindset The Science Behind Growth Mindset Carol Dweck’s pioneering research in the 1990s laid the foundation for understanding how a growth mindset can influence behaviour, learning, and achievement. Dweck’s work showed that individuals who believe their abilities can improve are more likely to embrace challenges, persist in the face of setbacks, and learn from criticism (Dweck 2006). This mindset leads to greater motivation and higher levels of achievement. Brain plasticity also supports the idea that intelligence and abilities are not fixed. Neuroscientific research has demonstrated that the brain can form new connections and strengthen existing ones through effort and learning, a process known as neuroplasticity (Draganski et al. 2004). This evidence aligns with the growth mindset theory, showing that the brain can adapt and grow with the right mindset and behaviour. Benefits of a Growth Mindset A growth mindset offers numerous benefits, both in personal and professional contexts: 1. Resilience in the Face of Failure Individuals with a growth mindset view failure as an opportunity to learn rather than a reflection of their abilities. This resilience allows them to persevere through challenges and setbacks. Studies have shown that students with a growth mindset are more likely to achieve higher academic success, as they are less discouraged by poor performance and more motivated to improve (Dweck 2006). 2. Enhanced Motivation and Achievement A growth mindset fosters a passion for learning and continuous improvement. By focusing on effort rather than inherent talent, individuals with a growth mindset are more likely to engage in behaviours that lead to personal growth and professional success (Yeager & Dweck 2012). 3. Positive Impact on Relationships In personal relationships, adopting a growth mindset allows individuals to approach conflicts or disagreements as opportunities for understanding and growth. This mindset promotes healthier communication, empathy, and a willingness to work through challenges rather than seeing issues as insurmountable (Dweck 2006). Growth Mindset in the Workplace In the workplace, a growth mindset can significantly impact an individual’s career trajectory. Employees with a growth mindset are more likely to take initiative, seek feedback, and pursue new learning opportunities. They view challenges as opportunities for professional development rather than threats to their competence (Heslin & VandeWalle 2008). Leaders with a growth mindset also foster a work culture that values learning, experimentation, and innovation. These leaders encourage employees to take calculated risks, learn from mistakes, and focus on long-term improvement (Heslin & Keating 2017). Organisations that promote a growth mindset are often more adaptable and successful in a rapidly changing business environment. Cultivating a Growth Mindset While some individuals may naturally lean toward a growth mindset, it is a skill that can be cultivated over time. Strategies for developing a growth mindset include: 1. Embrace Challenges Rather than avoiding difficult tasks, individuals can foster a growth mindset by seeking out challenges that stretch their abilities. Facing and overcoming challenges leads to new learning and personal growth (Dweck 2006). 2. Focus on Effort, Not Outcome Rewarding effort and process rather than outcomes encourages a growth mindset. This shift in focus helps individuals value learning and improvement rather than being fixated on immediate success (Mueller & Dweck 1998). 3. Learn from Criticism Feedback, whether positive or negative, provides valuable insights for personal growth. Individuals with a growth mindset see feedback as a tool for improvement rather than a judgment of their abilities (Yeager & Dweck 2012). 4. Redefine Failure Instead of viewing failure as a personal shortcoming, individuals can reframe it as an opportunity to learn and improve. Embracing this perspective builds resilience and persistence in the face of obstacles. Conclusion The growth mindset is a powerful psychological framework that encourages continuous learning, resilience, and self-improvement. Whether in academics, the workplace, or personal relationships, a growth mindset fosters success and long-term development. By focusing on effort, embracing challenges, and viewing failure as an opportunity for growth, individuals can unlock their potential and achieve greater success in all aspects of life. References Dweck, CS 2006, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Random House, New York. Draganski, B, Gaser, C, Busch, V, Schuierer, G, Bogdahn, U & May, A 2004, ‘Changes in grey matter induced by training’, Nature, vol. 427, no. 6972, pp. 311-312. Heslin, PA & VandeWalle, D 2008, ‘Managers’ implicit assumptions about personnel: How their mindsets influence their coaching behaviors’, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 907–927. Heslin, PA & Keating, LA 2017, ‘In learning mode? The role of mindsets in derailing and enabling experiential leadership development’, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 367–384. Mueller, CM & Dweck, CS 1998, ‘Praise for intelligence can undermine children’s motivation and performance’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 33–52. Yeager, DS & Dweck, CS 2012, ‘Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed’, Educational Psychologist, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 302–314. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 10/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The dowry system is a deeply rooted tradition in many cultures, involving the transfer of money, property, or gifts from the bride’s family to the groom’s family at the time of marriage. Although dowry practices vary across regions and cultures, they are prevalent in countries like India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Despite its historical origins as a way to protect women’s rights and ensure financial security, the dowry system has often devolved into a form of social pressure and exploitation. This article explores the history of dowry, its cultural significance, and the psychological and social implications it has on individuals and families. Keywords: Dowry system, Dowry in India, Dowry-related violence, Psychological impact of dowry, Gender inequality and dowry, Dowry prohibition, Dowry and marriage Historical and Cultural Significance of Dowry Historically, dowry was intended to provide financial security for women, particularly in patriarchal societies where women had limited rights to inherit property. In ancient times, dowries were seen as a way to compensate the groom’s family for the “burden” of taking responsibility for the bride. Over time, this practice became institutionalised in many cultures as part of the marriage negotiation process. In countries such as India, dowry is not just a traditional practice but is embedded in cultural and societal expectations. Even though dowry has been legally banned in India since the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the practice persists in many regions, often leading to exploitation and abuse (Menski 1998). Similar practices can be observed in other parts of South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, where dowry or bride price is culturally significant. The Social Impact of Dowry While the original intent of dowry may have been to provide financial protection for women, in many modern contexts, the practice has turned into a financial burden on brides’ families. The demand for large dowries can cause significant financial strain, particularly on low-income families. In some cases, families go into debt or sell property to meet dowry demands. This financial pressure can have long-lasting effects on families and lead to social disparities. In regions where dowry is still practiced, families with daughters may face higher economic hardship, contributing to gender-based inequalities (Anderson 2007). Additionally, dowry demands may lead to delays in marriages or selective abortion of female foetuses due to the economic burden associated with raising a girl (Srinivasan & Bedi 2007). Psychological and Emotional Effects of Dowry For women, the dowry system can have serious psychological and emotional effects. Women who come from families that are unable to meet dowry demands may face stigma, harassment, or abuse in their marital homes. Studies have shown that dowry-related violence, including physical and emotional abuse, is a significant issue in South Asian countries (Chowdhury 2010). Women who are subjected to dowry-related violence often experience feelings of helplessness, depression, and anxiety. In extreme cases, dowry violence can result in “dowry deaths,” where brides are murdered or driven to suicide because of unmet dowry demands. According to India’s National Crime Records Bureau, thousands of women die each year as a result of dowry-related violence (NCRB 2020). Men, too, can experience psychological pressure due to the dowry system, particularly when they are expected to demand dowries in line with societal norms. In some cases, men may feel burdened by the societal expectations of benefiting from dowries, even if they personally do not support the practice (Menski 1998). Legal Interventions and Cultural Shifts Many countries have introduced legal measures to address the exploitation associated with dowry. In India, the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 made the giving and taking of dowry illegal. However, enforcement of these laws remains a challenge, and dowry practices continue to persist, particularly in rural areas. Activists and women’s rights groups have called for stronger enforcement mechanisms and public awareness campaigns to curb the practice (Menski 1998). Cultural shifts are also essential to changing attitudes toward dowry. In recent years, there have been growing social movements to reduce the stigma around dowry-free marriages. Educational campaigns and increased financial independence for women are seen as critical steps in changing societal views on dowry and promoting more egalitarian marriage practices (Srinivasan & Bedi 2007). Conclusion The dowry system, while historically rooted in the protection of women’s financial rights, has evolved into a complex practice with significant social, psychological, and financial implications. Despite legal bans and efforts to curb dowry-related exploitation, the practice continues to thrive in many parts of the world, perpetuating gender inequality and contributing to social and emotional harm. Addressing the dowry system requires a multifaceted approach, including stronger legal enforcement, cultural shifts toward gender equality, and support for women’s financial independence. By understanding the full impact of dowry, societies can work toward creating more equitable and just marriage practices. References Anderson, S 2007, ‘The economics of dowry and brideprice’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 151-174. Chowdhury, FD 2010, ‘Dowry, women, and law in Bangladesh’, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 198-221. Menski, W 1998, South Asians and the dowry problem, Vistaar Publications, New Delhi. NCRB 2020, Crime in India: 2020 Statistics, National Crime Records Bureau, viewed 15 October 2024, https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-india. Srinivasan, P & Bedi, AS 2007, ‘Daughter elimination in Tamil Nadu, India: A tale of two ratios’, Journal of Development Studies, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 1085-1107. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Happiness is a subjective experience, but certain countries consistently rank among the happiest in the world. Factors such as economic stability, social support, and work-life balance contribute to higher levels of national well-being. This article explores five of the happiest nationalities, based on global surveys like the World Happiness Report, and examines the cultural, economic, and psychological factors that lead to their positive outlook on life. Keywords: Happiest nationalities, Global happiness rankings, World Happiness Report, Cultural resilience and happiness, Social support systems, Work-life balance and well-being, Trust and national happiness 1. Finland For several consecutive years, Finland has topped the World Happiness Report as the happiest country in the world (Helliwell, Layard & Sachs 2021). Finnish happiness is attributed to strong social support systems, high levels of trust in the government, and a well-functioning welfare state. Finnish culture emphasises a balanced lifestyle, access to nature, and a strong sense of community, all of which contribute to overall well-being. One psychological factor that supports Finnish happiness is the cultural value of sisu, a term that refers to resilience and the ability to persevere through challenges. This mental toughness, combined with an appreciation for simplicity and nature, helps Finns maintain high levels of life satisfaction (Lahti 2020). 2. Denmark Denmark is known for its strong welfare system, which provides free healthcare and education, contributing to a high standard of living. Danish culture also values hygge, a concept that emphasises comfort, cosiness, and spending quality time with loved ones, all of which play a significant role in their happiness (Wiking 2017). Psychologically, the Danish people benefit from a low level of inequality and a strong sense of trust in their society. This trust creates a sense of safety and stability, which significantly contributes to life satisfaction (Helliwell, Layard & Sachs 2021). Additionally, Denmark’s emphasis on work-life balance ensures that individuals have time for leisure and personal well-being. 3. Switzerland Switzerland consistently ranks as one of the happiest countries due to its high levels of income, excellent healthcare system, and political stability (Helliwell, Layard & Sachs 2021). Swiss people enjoy a high quality of life, with easy access to nature and a culture that promotes outdoor activities, which are known to improve mental health. Swiss happiness is also influenced by their direct democracy, which allows citizens to have a say in political decisions. This high level of civic engagement fosters a sense of control and involvement in societal outcomes, boosting overall satisfaction (Frey & Stutzer 2000). 4. Iceland Iceland’s small, close-knit community contributes significantly to the country’s happiness levels. Social connections are a major factor in well-being, and Icelandic society places great value on community support and family bonds. The country’s low crime rates and gender equality also contribute to high life satisfaction (Helliwell, Layard & Sachs 2021). Another key factor in Icelandic happiness is the cultural approach to adversity. Icelanders have a strong sense of resilience, having faced numerous natural disasters and economic challenges throughout history. This resilience, combined with a strong welfare system, helps citizens cope with difficulties and maintain positive mental health (Bjarnason & Þórsdóttir 2020). 5. New Zealand New Zealanders are known for their positive outlook on life, thanks in part to their strong connection to nature. The country’s breathtaking landscapes, coupled with a laid-back lifestyle, promote outdoor activities that boost mental health. New Zealand’s emphasis on work-life balance, along with its well-regarded healthcare system, also plays a role in its happiness rankings (Helliwell, Layard & Sachs 2021). The concept of manaakitanga, a Maori value that emphasises hospitality, respect, and care for others, permeates New Zealand culture and contributes to a strong sense of community and belonging. This cultural trait fosters social connections, which are key to overall happiness (Durie 2004). Key Factors Contributing to National Happiness While each country has unique cultural values that contribute to happiness, several common factors emerge from the analysis of these happy nations: Strong social support systems: Access to healthcare, education, and welfare contributes to a sense of security and well-being. Work-life balance: Countries that prioritise time for leisure, family, and personal growth tend to have happier populations. Social trust: High levels of trust in government and society reduce stress and contribute to feelings of stability and safety. Connection to nature: Access to natural environments and outdoor activities plays a significant role in promoting mental health and life satisfaction. Cultural resilience: The ability to adapt and persevere through challenges fosters mental toughness and helps individuals cope with adversity. Conclusion The world’s happiest nationalities share common traits, including strong social connections, robust welfare systems, and cultural values that emphasise community, balance, and resilience. While happiness is a complex and multifaceted experience, these countries provide valuable insights into how social, economic, and cultural factors contribute to a high quality of life. By understanding the key elements of happiness in these nations, other countries can learn how to promote well-being for their own citizens. References Bjarnason, T & Þórsdóttir, T 2020, ‘Social capital, social networks, and social trust in Iceland’, Journal of Social Research & Policy, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 25-36. Durie, M 2004, ‘Manaakitanga: The art of hospitality in contemporary Maori culture’, Journal of Indigenous Studies, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 56-63. Frey, BS & Stutzer, A 2000, ‘Happiness, economy and institutions’, Economic Journal, vol. 110, no. 466, pp. 918-938. Helliwell, J, Layard, R & Sachs, J 2021, World Happiness Report 2021, Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York. Lahti, M 2020, ‘Sisu: The Finnish art of inner strength’, Journal of Psychological Resilience, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 18-25. Wiking, M 2017, The Little Book of Hygge: The Danish Way to Live Well, Penguin Life, London. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 08/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Deciding whether or not to have children is one of the most significant life decisions a person can make. It involves emotional, psychological, financial, and practical considerations. While some people feel a natural inclination towards parenthood, others may feel uncertain or ambivalent. This article explores the psychological factors involved in the decision to have children, as well as the potential benefits and challenges, to help individuals make an informed choice. Keywords: Should I have kids, Deciding to have children, Parenthood and mental health, Benefits and challenges of parenthood, Emotional rewards of parenting, Financial cost of raising children, Alternatives to having children, Parenthood decision-making, Parenthood and life satisfaction Psychological Motivations for Parenthood Many people are driven to have children for deeply personal and emotional reasons. Research shows that the desire to have children is often influenced by social, cultural, and psychological factors. According to Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, parenthood can fulfil the need for generativity, which is the desire to contribute to the next generation and leave a lasting legacy (Erikson 1950). For some individuals, raising children can provide a sense of purpose, belonging, and fulfilment. Moreover, the societal expectation of having children, especially in cultures where family is highly valued, can also influence decisions. Studies indicate that societal pressure, cultural norms, and family expectations often shape an individual’s choice to pursue parenthood (Miller 1992). Emotional and Psychological Benefits of Parenthood Research suggests that parenthood can bring emotional rewards, including a sense of fulfilment and joy in watching a child grow and develop. Many parents report feeling a deep bond with their children, which fosters emotional connection and strengthens family ties (Nelson et al. 2013). Parenthood can also enhance an individual’s sense of identity and personal growth. Caring for a child often challenges individuals to develop greater patience, empathy, and problem-solving skills. In turn, these qualities can lead to increased self-esteem and satisfaction, especially as parents witness their children achieving milestones or overcoming challenges (Nelson et al. 2014). Challenges and Stressors of Having Children Despite the emotional rewards, parenthood also comes with considerable challenges. Raising children can be stressful, time-consuming, and financially demanding. Studies have shown that parents, particularly those with young children, experience higher levels of stress and anxiety compared to non-parents (Umberson et al. 2010). One significant challenge for many parents is the financial cost of raising children. In Australia, the average cost of raising a child from birth to the age of 18 is estimated to be over $500,000 when accounting for basic needs, education, and extracurricular activities (AMP.NATSEM 2013). This financial pressure can lead to increased stress, particularly for families with limited resources or those navigating work-life balance issues. Furthermore, having children can strain personal relationships, including marriages or partnerships. Research suggests that marital satisfaction often declines after the birth of a child, particularly if the couple experiences difficulty sharing childcare responsibilities or adjusting to new roles (Twenge et al. 2003). Impact of Parenthood on Mental Health The impact of parenthood on mental health can vary. While some parents experience increased happiness and life satisfaction, others may struggle with postpartum depression or feelings of isolation, especially during the early stages of parenting. For mothers, the physical and emotional demands of childbirth and caring for a newborn can contribute to mental health challenges (O’Hara & McCabe 2013). For individuals who already experience mental health conditions, the added stress of parenthood may exacerbate symptoms. In these cases, seeking support from mental health professionals or engaging in stress management practices can help mitigate the negative effects. Alternatives to Parenthood For those who feel uncertain about becoming parents, it is important to acknowledge that a fulfilling life does not necessarily require having children. Many people find purpose and joy in other pursuits, such as building a career, engaging in creative hobbies, or nurturing relationships with friends and family. Research indicates that individuals without children often report similar levels of life satisfaction as parents, particularly when they are able to focus on meaningful activities (Umberson et al. 2010). Additionally, some people may choose to fulfil their generative needs through mentoring, fostering, or volunteering with children, which allows them to contribute to the next generation without the full responsibilities of parenthood. Making the Decision: Factors to Consider When deciding whether or not to have children, it is important to consider your personal values, life goals, and current circumstances. Key questions to ask include: Do I feel emotionally ready for the responsibilities of parenthood? Do I have the financial and practical resources to raise a child? How will having a child affect my mental health and relationships? Am I motivated by societal expectations or my own desires? Are there alternative ways I can find purpose and fulfilment without becoming a parent? Taking the time to reflect on these questions and discussing them with a partner, if applicable, can help clarify whether parenthood aligns with your personal vision for the future. Conclusion Deciding whether to have children is a deeply personal choice that involves a complex mix of emotional, psychological, and practical considerations. While parenthood offers emotional rewards and personal growth, it also presents significant challenges that can impact mental health, relationships, and financial stability. Ultimately, the decision should be based on individual values, readiness, and life circumstances. For those who choose not to have children, it is equally important to recognise that there are many other meaningful paths to fulfilment and purpose. References AMP.NATSEM 2013, Cost of kids: The cost of raising children in Australia, AMP.NATSEM Income and Wealth Report, University of Canberra. Erikson, EH 1950, Childhood and Society, W.W. Norton, New York. Miller, WB 1992, ‘Individual theories of motivation and fertility’, Population and Development Review, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 61–86. Nelson, SK, Kushlev,

With the growing popularity of telehealth services, many people are seeking psychological support through virtual sessions. Telehealth psychology offers the same benefits as traditional in-clinic therapy, but it is conducted via secure online platforms. This article explores what to expect during telehealth psychologist sessions, the advantages of this format, and how to prepare for successful virtual therapy. Keywords: Telehealth psychologist sessions, What to expect in telehealth therapy, Benefits of telehealth psychology, How to prepare for telehealth sessions, Confidentiality in telehealth psychology, Telehealth for rural areas, Online therapy sessions The Structure of Telehealth Psychology Sessions Telehealth psychologist sessions follow a similar structure to in-person therapy, with the main difference being the use of technology to facilitate communication. Sessions are typically conducted through secure video conferencing platforms, ensuring confidentiality and privacy. The process includes: 1. Initial Assessment The first telehealth session usually involves an initial assessment where the psychologist gathers information about your background, mental health concerns, and goals for therapy. This helps the psychologist tailor the treatment plan to your specific needs (Ritterband et al. 2003). 2. Treatment Approach During telehealth sessions, psychologists may use evidence-based therapeutic approaches such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness-Based Therapy, or Solution-Focused Therapy, depending on the client’s needs. The approach used in telehealth sessions mirrors the treatment options available in face-to-face therapy (Simpson 2009). 3. Goal Setting and Progress Monitoring Just like in traditional therapy, you and your psychologist will work together to set goals and track progress. Regular check-ins help ensure that therapy is effective and that adjustments are made as necessary. Advantages of Telehealth Psychology Telehealth psychology offers several benefits, making it a convenient and accessible option for many people. Some of the key advantages include: 1. Increased Accessibility Telehealth allows individuals in rural or remote areas to access psychological services without needing to travel long distances. This is particularly beneficial in areas where access to mental health care may be limited (Hilty et al. 2013). 2. Convenience Telehealth sessions can be conducted from the comfort of your own home, reducing the time spent commuting and allowing for greater flexibility in scheduling. Many people find this convenient, especially those with busy schedules or mobility issues. 3. Continuity of Care Telehealth ensures that clients can continue their therapy sessions even during times when in-person visits are not possible, such as during lockdowns or health-related restrictions. Confidentiality and Security in Telehealth Sessions One common concern for individuals considering telehealth psychology is whether their information will remain secure. Reputable telehealth platforms use encryption and other security measures to protect your privacy and ensure confidentiality (Hilty et al. 2013). Before your session, the psychologist will explain the platform’s security features and how your data is protected. How to Prepare for a Telehealth Psychology Session To ensure a smooth and effective telehealth psychology session, it’s important to prepare in advance: 1. Find a Quiet, Private Space Choose a quiet and private location where you won’t be disturbed during your session. This will help you focus on the conversation without distractions. 2. Test Your Technology Before the session, ensure your internet connection, camera, and microphone are working correctly. Logging in a few minutes early gives you time to resolve any technical issues. 3. Have Materials Ready It may be helpful to have a notebook, pen, or any materials the psychologist has requested on hand. Having a list of topics you want to discuss can also make the session more productive. Potential Challenges of Telehealth Psychology While telehealth offers many benefits, some challenges may arise: 1. Technical Issues Connection problems, poor audio quality, or software glitches can disrupt the session. It’s important to have a backup plan, such as switching to a phone call if technical difficulties persist. 2. Lack of In-Person Connection Some individuals may feel that telehealth lacks the personal connection that comes with face-to-face therapy. However, many clients adjust over time and find that virtual therapy is just as effective (Backhaus et al. 2012). 3. Privacy Concerns at Home For some individuals, finding a private space at home can be challenging. Discussing sensitive topics may feel uncomfortable if there is a risk of being overheard. Creating a plan to ensure privacy, such as scheduling sessions when no one else is home, can help alleviate these concerns. Conclusion Telehealth psychologist sessions offer a flexible, accessible, and secure way to receive mental health support. While it may differ slightly from traditional face-to-face therapy, telehealth provides the same level of care and effectiveness. By preparing properly and understanding the structure of telehealth sessions, individuals can make the most of their virtual therapy experience. References Backhaus, A, Agha, Z, Maglione, ML, Repp, A, Ross, B, Zuest, D, … & Thorp, SR 2012, ‘Videoconferencing psychotherapy: A systematic review’, Psychological Services, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 111-131. Hilty, DM, Ferrer, DC, Parish, MB, Johnston, B, Callahan, EJ & Yellowlees, PM 2013, ‘The effectiveness of tele-mental health: A 2013 review’, Telemedicine and e-Health, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 444-454. Ritterband, LM, Thorndike, FP, Cox, DJ, Kovatchev, BP & Gonder-Frederick, LA 2003, ‘A behaviour change model for internet interventions’, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 18-27. Simpson, SG 2009, ‘Telepsychology in the prevention and treatment of depression‘, Journal of Technology in Human Services, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 137-155. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 11/12/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Stockholm syndrome is a psychological phenomenon where hostages or victims of abuse develop a bond with their captors or abusers, often showing empathy, loyalty, or affection. This condition was first identified after a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1973, where hostages began sympathising with their captors despite the threat to their lives. This article delves into the psychological mechanisms behind Stockholm syndrome, its causes, and its implications for understanding human behaviour in abusive situations. Keywords: Stockholm syndrome, Psychological effects of trauma, Captivity and emotional bonds, Hostage syndrome, Domestic violence and trauma, Stockholm syndrome in abuse, Cognitive dissonance and trauma, Emotional attachment to abusers, Power dynamics in trauma, Trauma bonding The Origins of Stockholm Syndrome The term “Stockholm syndrome” was coined following the 1973 bank heist at Kreditbanken in Stockholm, where hostages were held for six days by two armed robbers. During this time, the hostages began to exhibit trust and affection toward their captors and even resisted rescue efforts. Despite their life-threatening circumstances, the hostages developed emotional bonds with the perpetrators. This counterintuitive response baffled psychologists and sparked interest in understanding the psychological dynamics at play. Psychological Mechanisms Behind Stockholm Syndrome 1. Survival Instinct and Cognitive Dissonance At its core, Stockholm syndrome is seen as a survival strategy. Victims, in a situation where they are powerless, may unconsciously develop positive feelings towards their captors to reduce the perception of threat and increase the chance of survival (Graham 1994). These feelings can help victims cope with the overwhelming fear and helplessness they experience, creating an emotional connection as a psychological defence mechanism (Cantor & Price 2007). Cognitive dissonance theory also helps explain this phenomenon. When a person’s thoughts and actions are in conflict (e.g., knowing the captor is a threat but also relying on them for survival), individuals may rationalise their captor’s behaviour to reduce mental discomfort (Festinger 1957). As a result, they might begin to view their captor more favourably. Factors Contributing to Stockholm Syndrome Several conditions make Stockholm syndrome more likely to occur: 1. Isolation from Other Perspectives When victims are isolated from the outside world and dependent on their captor for basic needs, such as food, water, or even emotional connection, they may start to identify with the perpetrator. The lack of external influence exacerbates the bond between victim and captor, as the victim has no other source of support or perspective (Namnyak et al. 2008). 2. Perceived Acts of Kindness If the captor shows small acts of kindness, such as providing food or allowing the victim to live, the victim may interpret these actions as goodwill. Over time, this can lead to gratitude and a distorted perception of the captor’s motives, reinforcing the emotional bond (Cantor & Price 2007). 3. Length of Captivity The longer an individual is held captive, the more likely Stockholm syndrome is to develop. Prolonged exposure to a captor creates a dynamic where victims feel dependent on their abuser for survival and protection, increasing the likelihood of emotional attachment (Graham 1994). Stockholm Syndrome Beyond Hostage Situations While Stockholm syndrome is most commonly associated with hostage situations, it can also manifest in other contexts, such as domestic abuse, child abuse, and human trafficking. In abusive relationships, victims may develop loyalty or affection for their abusers as a way to endure prolonged trauma. This emotional connection can prevent them from seeking help or leaving the abusive situation (Briere & Scott 2015). Victims of domestic violence, for example, may stay in abusive relationships due to their attachment to the abuser, even when they are aware of the harm being done to them. The fear of leaving or the belief that the abuser “truly cares” for them can maintain the abusive cycle (Walker 2016). Criticism and Limitations of the Stockholm Syndrome Concept Despite its widespread use, Stockholm syndrome is not an official diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and some psychologists argue that it oversimplifies complex trauma reactions (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Critics suggest that the term can pathologise victims’ survival strategies and overlook the broader socio-cultural and structural factors that contribute to victimisation (Namnyak et al. 2008). Additionally, the phenomenon has been criticised for its gendered implications, as it is often associated with female victims, leading to misunderstandings about how men and women respond to captivity or abuse (Booth 2010). Critics argue for more nuanced understandings of trauma responses, including the role of power dynamics and learned helplessness in abusive situations. Conclusion Stockholm syndrome is a fascinating, albeit controversial, psychological phenomenon that underscores the complex dynamics of power, fear, and attachment in extreme situations. Whether in hostage situations or abusive relationships, the emotional bonds that form between victims and their captors serve as coping mechanisms for survival. However, understanding Stockholm syndrome requires a broader perspective on trauma and the socio-cultural factors influencing victim behaviour. As we continue to explore these dynamics, it is crucial to approach the topic with compassion and a deeper understanding of the victim’s experience References American Psychiatric Association 2013, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), 5th edn, American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA. Booth, J 2010, Gendered experiences of trauma: Stockholming and domestic violence, Routledge, London. Briere, J & Scott, C 2015, Principles of trauma therapy: A guide to symptoms, evaluation, and treatment, Sage Publications, Los Angeles. Cantor, C & Price, J 2007, ‘Traumatic entrapment, appeasement and complex post-traumatic stress disorder: Evolutionary perspectives of hostage reactions, domestic abuse and the Stockholm syndrome’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 377–384. Festinger, L 1957, A theory of cognitive dissonance, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Graham, DL 1994, Loving to survive: Sexual terror, men’s violence, and women’s lives, New York University Press, New York. Namnyak, M

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 14/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The question of whether marijuana is addictive has been widely debated. While marijuana is commonly perceived as less addictive than substances such as nicotine or opioids, it can lead to cannabis use disorder (CUD) in some individuals. This article explores the addictive potential of marijuana, the signs of dependence, and the psychological and physical effects associated with frequent use. Keywords: Is marijuana addictive, Cannabis use disorder (CUD), Psychological dependence on marijuana, Marijuana addiction treatment, Physical vs. psychological addiction, Risks of marijuana use, Effects of cannabis Understanding Addiction Addiction is characterised by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences and a loss of control over consumption. In the case of marijuana, not everyone who uses the drug will develop an addiction, but research shows that it can lead to dependence for some individuals, particularly those who use it frequently over long periods (Budney et al. 2007). According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), approximately 9% of people who use marijuana develop a form of addiction, a figure that rises to about 17% for those who start using in adolescence (NIDA 2020). Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is a clinical diagnosis used to describe problematic marijuana use. People with CUD may experience cravings, withdrawal symptoms when not using the drug, and continued use despite negative impacts on their life. CUD is more likely to develop in individuals who use marijuana regularly and over long periods. It is recognised as a substance use disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (Hasin et al. 2016). Signs of Marijuana Dependence The main signs of marijuana dependence include: Increased tolerance, meaning more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effects. Difficulty in reducing or controlling use despite attempts to cut back. Spending excessive time obtaining or using marijuana, and neglecting important activities in favour of drug use. Withdrawal symptoms when not using, such as irritability, insomnia, decreased appetite, and anxiety (Budney & Hughes 2006). While withdrawal from marijuana is not as severe as with other substances like alcohol or opioids, it can still cause discomfort and lead to relapse in individuals trying to quit. Risk Factors for Addiction Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing a marijuana addiction. Age of onset is one of the strongest predictors; individuals who start using marijuana during adolescence are more likely to develop CUD than those who begin in adulthood (Volkow et al. 2014). Other factors include genetic predisposition, mental health issues, and environmental influences, such as peer pressure and the availability of the drug. Is Marijuana Physically Addictive? Unlike substances such as opioids or alcohol, marijuana is not generally considered physically addictive in the same way. Physical dependence involves the body adapting to a substance and experiencing significant withdrawal symptoms when use is discontinued. While marijuana withdrawal symptoms can occur, they are typically milder compared to drugs like nicotine or heroin. These symptoms are largely psychological in nature, though some users may experience physical discomfort such as headaches or stomach pain (Budney & Hughes 2006). Psychological Dependence on Marijuana While the physical dependence associated with marijuana is less intense than with other substances, psychological dependence is a significant factor. Psychological addiction occurs when a person feels the need to use marijuana to cope with stress, anxiety, or boredom. This can lead to frequent use and difficulty quitting even when the person recognises the negative effects on their life (Hasin et al. 2016). Treatment for Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment for CUD can include both psychological therapies and pharmacological approaches. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is often used to help individuals change their thinking patterns and develop healthier coping mechanisms for stress and anxiety. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and contingency management are also effective in helping individuals reduce or quit marijuana use (Winters et al. 2011). Pharmacological treatments for marijuana addiction are still being researched, and no specific medications have been approved for treating CUD. However, ongoing studies are investigating the potential of drugs like N-acetylcysteine and gabapentin to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms (Gray et al. 2010). Conclusion While marijuana is less likely to lead to addiction compared to substances like opioids or alcohol, it is still possible to develop a dependence on the drug, particularly for regular users. Understanding the signs of cannabis use disorder and seeking appropriate treatment is essential for individuals struggling with marijuana addiction. By focusing on both psychological and physical dependence, we can better address the challenges of marijuana use and promote healthier habits. References Budney, AJ & Hughes, JR 2006, ‘The cannabis withdrawal syndrome’, Current Opinion in Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 233-238. Budney, AJ, Roffman, R, Stephens, RS & Walker, D 2007, ‘Marijuana dependence and its treatment’, Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 4-16. Gray, KM, Carpenter, MJ, Baker, NL, DeSantis, SM, Kryway, E, Hartwell, KJ & Upadhyaya, HP 2010, ‘A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents’, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 167, no. 6, pp. 761-768. Hasin, DS, Kerridge, BT, Saha, TD, Huang, B, Pickering, RP, Smith, SM, … & Grant, BF 2016, ‘Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013’, JAMA Psychiatry, vol. 73, no. 12, pp. 1235-1242. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 2020, Marijuana Research Report: Is Marijuana Addictive?, NIDA, viewed 18 October 2024, https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/marijuana-addictive. Volkow, ND, Baler, RD, Compton, WM & Weiss, SR 2014, ‘Adverse health effects of marijuana use’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 370, no. 23, pp. 2219-2227. Winters, KC, Botzet, AM & Fahnhorst, T 2011, ‘Advances in adolescent substance abuse treatment’, Current Psychiatry Reports, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 416-421. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance,

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 09/09/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are two distinct neurodevelopmental conditions, but they often co-occur. Research shows that approximately 30% to 50% of individuals with autism also meet the criteria for ADHD (Leitner 2014). When both conditions are present, it can lead to unique challenges but also offers opportunities for better understanding and targeted interventions. This article explores the symptoms, challenges, and strategies for managing the co-occurrence of autism and ADHD. Keywords Autism and ADHD together, Dual diagnosis of ASD and ADHD, Managing autism and ADHD symptoms, ADHD in individuals with autism, Autism and executive functioning, Behavioural therapies for ASD and ADHD Understanding Autism and ADHD Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterised by challenges in social interaction, communication difficulties, and restricted or repetitive behaviours. Individuals with ASD often experience sensory sensitivities and have a strong preference for routine and predictability (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), on the other hand, is marked by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. These symptoms can interfere with daily functioning, particularly in environments that demand focus and organisation (Barkley 2014). Both conditions impact different aspects of cognition and behaviour, but when they overlap, they can intensify certain challenges while also complicating diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms of Autism and ADHD Together While autism and ADHD have distinct features, their co-occurrence can lead to a complex interaction of symptoms. Some overlapping and unique symptoms may include: 1. Social Difficulties Individuals with both autism and ADHD may struggle with social interactions due to communication challenges associated with ASD, coupled with impulsivity and inattentiveness from ADHD. This combination can make it difficult to form and maintain relationships (Antshel et al. 2016). 2. Sensory Processing Issues Sensory sensitivities are common in autism, but ADHD can exacerbate sensory-seeking behaviours. For example, a child with both conditions may be easily overwhelmed by bright lights or loud noises (as is typical with ASD) while simultaneously seeking out intense sensory input through physical activity (common in ADHD). 3. Executive Functioning Challenges Both autism and ADHD affect executive functioning, which includes skills such as planning, organising, and time management. Individuals with the dual diagnosis may find it even more challenging to stay organised, complete tasks, and follow through on responsibilities (Corbett et al. 2009). Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment 1. Overlapping Symptoms One of the key challenges in diagnosing both autism and ADHD is the overlap of symptoms. Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and difficulty focusing are common in both conditions, which can sometimes lead to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. For instance, the inattention in ADHD may be mistakenly attributed to autism-related sensory issues (Leitner 2014). 2. Tailoring Interventions Effective treatment for co-occurring autism and ADHD often requires a nuanced approach. For example, traditional behavioural therapies used for ADHD may need to be adapted for individuals with autism to accommodate their unique communication and sensory needs (Antshel et al. 2016). Additionally, medication management for ADHD may need to be carefully monitored, as individuals with autism can react differently to stimulant medications. Strategies for Managing Autism and ADHD Together 1. Behavioural Therapies Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) is commonly used to support individuals with autism. For those with ADHD as well, ABA can be adapted to include strategies that target impulsivity and inattention, helping individuals improve focus and regulate their behaviour (Smith 2016). 2. Executive Functioning Support Supporting executive functioning through cognitive-behavioural strategies can help individuals with autism and ADHD improve organisational skills and task completion. This might include using visual schedules, checklists, and timers to help with time management and task planning (Antshel et al. 2016). 3. Sensory Accommodations For individuals with co-occurring sensory processing issues, it is essential to create a sensory-friendly environment. Occupational therapy can play a key role in helping individuals manage sensory sensitivities and develop coping strategies to reduce sensory overload (Corbett et al. 2009). Conclusion The co-occurrence of autism and ADHD presents unique challenges, but with the right interventions, individuals can manage both conditions effectively. By understanding the overlap of symptoms and tailoring treatment to the needs of the individual, parents, educators, and healthcare providers can help improve quality of life for those with dual diagnoses. Early diagnosis and comprehensive support are essential in helping individuals with both autism and ADHD reach their full potential. References Antshel, KM, Zhang-James, Y, Wagner, KE, Ledesma, A & Faraone, SV 2016, ‘An update on the comorbidity of ADHD and ASD: A focus on clinical management’, Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 279-293. American Psychiatric Association 2013, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), 5th edn, American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA. Barkley, RA 2014, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment, 4th edn, Guilford Press, New York. Corbett, BA, Constantine, LJ, Hendren, R, Rocke, D & Ozonoff, S 2009, ‘Examining executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development’, Psychiatry Research, vol. 166, no. 2-3, pp. 210-222. Leitner, Y 2014, ‘The co-occurrence of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children – what do we know?’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 8, pp. 268-272. Smith, T 2016, ‘Applied Behavior Analysis’, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 575-585. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.