Author name: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 23/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Rehabilitation programs are pivotal in addressing substance use disorders, aiming to reduce dependency and promote long-term recovery. The effectiveness of these programs is influenced by various factors, including the type of treatment, individual commitment, and the integration of psychological support. Keywords: Does rehabilitation work, Rehabilitation programs Australia, Substance use disorders treatment, Drug rehab success rates, Alcohol rehabilitation Australia, Effective rehab programs, Psychological factors in rehabilitation, Cognitive-behavioural therapy in rehab, Motivational interviewing for addiction, Addiction treatment Australia Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Programs In Australia, rehabilitation services play a crucial role in treating substance use disorders. Between 2021 and 2022, 42% of rehabilitation treatment episodes focused on alcohol abuse, with amphetamines and cannabis accounting for 25% and 21% of treatments, respectively (Ray Hader Clinic, 2023). Approximately 65% of individuals complete their rehabilitation programs, and about 50% of these individuals experience relapse (Addiction Group, 2023). These statistics highlight the challenges in achieving sustained recovery and underscore the necessity for comprehensive treatment approaches. Psychological Factors in Rehabilitation Psychological elements significantly influence rehabilitation outcomes. Factors such as emotional well-being, social support, self-perception, motivation, and coping strategies are critical in achieving favourable results and enhancing quality of life (iCliniq, 2023). Rehabilitation psychologists address these aspects by helping individuals manage the emotional and social challenges associated with recovery, thereby improving adherence to treatment and overall success rates (American Psychological Association, 2023). Holistic and Evidence-Based Approaches Effective rehabilitation often involves a holistic approach, integrating medical treatment with psychological support. Evidence-based therapies, including cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing, have demonstrated efficacy in treating substance use disorders (Ray Hader Clinic, 2023). These therapies focus on modifying maladaptive behaviours and thought patterns, enhancing motivation for change, and equipping individuals with coping mechanisms to prevent relapse. Challenges and Considerations Despite the availability of rehabilitation services, challenges persist. In Victoria, waitlists for drug and alcohol rehabilitation have doubled since 2020, with over 4,600 individuals awaiting treatment amid an overdose crisis (Herald Sun, 2023). This delay can exacerbate addiction severity and hinder recovery efforts. Additionally, the stigma associated with addiction may deter individuals from seeking help, emphasising the need for public education and supportive policies. Conclusion Rehabilitation can be effective in treating substance use disorders, particularly when programs incorporate psychological support and evidence-based therapies. However, success is contingent upon individual commitment, timely access to services, and a holistic approach addressing both physical and psychological aspects of addiction. Ongoing research and policy reforms are essential to enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of rehabilitation services in Australia. References Addiction Group 2023, Addiction Statistics in Australia, viewed 5 December 2024, https://www.addictiongroup.org/resources/australia-addiction-statistics/. American Psychological Association 2023, Rehabilitation Psychology Helps People Overcome Challenges, viewed 5 December 2024, https://www.apa.org/education-career/guide/subfields/rehabilitation. Herald Sun 2023, ‘Wait for drug rehab blows out’, Herald Sun, viewed 5 December 2024, https://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/waitlist-for-drug-and-alcohol-help-doubles-in-five-years-new-data-reveals/news-story/4d18785e37edca3c54e61cf875dcaf5e. iCliniq 2023, How Do Psychological Factors Affect Rehabilitation?, viewed 5 December 2024, https://www.icliniq.com/articles/emotional-and-mental-health/psychosocial-aspects-of-rehabilitation. Ray Hader Clinic 2023, Success Rates & Statistics For Drug & Alcohol Rehab In Australia, viewed 5 December 2024, https://www.rayhaderclinic.com.au/resource-centre/rehab-statistics. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 07/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The case of Luigi Mangione, a 26-year-old former Ivy League student charged with the murder of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson, presents a complex interplay of psychological, ideological, and personal factors. This article delves into these elements, offering a psychoanalytic perspective on the motivations and mental state that may have influenced his actions. Keywords: Luigi Mangione psychoanalysis, Luigi Mangione case analysis, Psychological profile of Luigi Mangione, Psychoanalytic theory in criminal behaviour, Luigi Mangione murder case, Ivy League graduate accused of murder, Anti-corporate manifesto analysis, Radicalisation and mental health, Psychological impact of chronic pain, Social media and radicalisation, Luigi Mangione’s motivations Background and Personal History ione Mangione’s early life was marked by academic excellence and promising prospects. He graduated as valedictorian from the Gilman School and earned degrees in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Pennsylvania (The Australian, 2024). However, in recent years, he became estranged from friends and family, a shift that may indicate underlying psychological distress (The Australian, 2024). Ideological Influences Mangione’s writings and online activities reveal a deep-seated resentment toward corporate America, particularly the healthcare sector. He authored a manifesto expressing anti-corporate sentiments and reviewed the Unabomber Manifesto, describing Ted Kaczynski as an “extreme political revolutionary” (The Australian, 2024). This admiration suggests an alignment with radical ideologies that justify violence against perceived oppressive systems (The Telegraph, 2024). Psychological Factors Psychoanalytic theory posits that unresolved internal conflicts and repressed emotions can manifest in destructive behaviours. Mangione’s estrangement from loved ones and radicalisation may reflect a projection of personal grievances onto external entities, such as corporations. His chronic back pain, which profoundly affected his outlook, could have contributed to feelings of helplessness and rage, further fuelling his anti-corporate stance (The Wall Street Journal, 2024). Social Media and Radicalisation Mangione’s social media presence indicates engagement with anti-capitalist and anti-technology discourses. He expressed concerns about the negative impact of technology on society and exhibited an obsession with the decline of human virtues (New York Post, 2024). Such online environments can serve as echo chambers, reinforcing extremist beliefs and potentially leading to radicalisation (The Telegraph, 2024). Conclusion The convergence of personal grievances, ideological influences, and psychological distress appears to have culminated in Mangione’s alleged actions. A comprehensive psychoanalytic assessment would be essential to fully understand the motivations behind his behaviour. This case underscores the importance of addressing mental health issues and monitoring the impact of radical ideologies, particularly among individuals experiencing personal turmoil. References The Australian 2024, From Ivy League graduate to alleged assassin: what we know about Luigi Mangione, viewed 10 December 2024, https://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/from-ivy-league-graduate-to-suspected-assassin-what-we-know-about-luigi-mangione/news-story/347090f4c703f3948a79195fb609de2a. The Telegraph 2024, Luigi Mangione: murder suspect thought the Unabomber was an ‘extreme political revolutionary’, viewed 10 December 2024, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/12/09/luigi-mangione-murder-suspect-unabomber-revolutionary/. The Wall Street Journal 2024, Suspect in UnitedHealth Killing Was Ivy Leaguer With Anticapitalist Leanings, viewed 10 December 2024, https://www.wsj.com/us-news/luigi-mangione-unitedhealthcare-ceo-shooting-2c23b33b. New York Post 2024, Sex toy ban, fall of Rome, love for Unabomber: Luigi Mangione’s bizarre social media ramblings, viewed 10 December 2024, https://nypost.com/2024/12/09/us-news/sex-toy-ban-fall-of-rome-love-for-unibomber-luigi-mangiones-bizarre-social-media-ramblings/. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 25/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. In 2024, the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) announced changes to the funding of art and music therapy services, sparking widespread concern among participants, practitioners, and advocacy groups. These therapies have long been valued for their role in supporting mental health, emotional expression, and functional capacity in people with disabilities. This article explores the implications of these changes, the government’s rationale, and the response from the disability community and practitioners. Keywords: NDIS art and music therapy cuts, 2024 NDIS funding changes, Impact of NDIS therapy reclassification, NDIS music therapy reduction, NDIS art therapy funding, Disability support services changes, Art and music therapy benefits, Creative therapies and NDIS, Evidence-based therapies NDIS 1. Overview of the Changes In late 2024, the National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA) reclassified art and music therapies, stating that they “do not meet the evidentiary standards required to be classified as therapy under the definition of NDIS supports” (NDIS, 2024). The changes, set to take effect on 1 February 2025, include: A reduction in funding for these services, with a new “community rate” of $68 per hour compared to the previous standard rate of $194 per hour. The requirement for participants to demonstrate how these therapies directly improve or maintain functional capacity to qualify for full funding (ABC News, 2024). 2. Rationale Behind the Decision The NDIA justifies the changes by emphasising the need for evidence-based practices that align with the NDIS’s objective of funding reasonable and necessary supports. According to NDIS Minister Bill Shorten, “These therapies are beneficial, but their effectiveness must be established with stronger evidence before they can be considered core therapeutic supports” (Shorten, 2024). This decision reflects a broader effort to prioritise funding for services with well-documented outcomes. 3. Implications for NDIS Participants 3.1 Loss of Accessibility For many participants, the reduced funding rates make art and music therapies financially inaccessible. These therapies often play a crucial role in helping individuals express emotions, build social skills, and improve cognitive function (Australian Music Therapy Association, 2024). 3.2 Emotional and Developmental Impact Children with autism, for example, have demonstrated significant developmental progress through music therapy. Parents of four-year-old Arlo, who communicates needs through song due to his autism, fear that reduced access to music therapy will hinder his growth (Adelaide Now, 2024). 3.3 Marginalisation of Creative Therapies Advocates argue that excluding these therapies perpetuates the marginalisation of creative and alternative treatments in the disability sector, limiting the diversity of approaches available to participants (ANZACATA, 2024). 4. Practitioner and Advocacy Responses Practitioners and advocacy groups have voiced strong opposition to the changes: The Australian Music Therapy Association (AMTA) and the Australian, New Zealand and Asian Creative Arts Therapies Association (ANZACATA) criticised the decision, arguing that art and music therapies are evidence-based and provide essential support for participants (Daily Telegraph, 2024). A joint statement from advocacy groups highlighted the lack of consultation before implementing the changes, stating, “These therapies address emotional, psychological, and developmental needs that are not adequately met by other interventions” (PWD Australia, 2024). 5. Broader Impact on Service Providers The changes also impact service providers, many of whom fear the reduced funding rates will make their practices unsustainable. This could lead to a significant reduction in available services, job losses, and reduced accessibility for vulnerable populations. The NDIA has referred art and music therapy to its Evidence Advisory Committee for further evaluation, but no timeline for a review has been provided (NDIS, 2024). 6. Counterarguments and Future Considerations 6.1 Evidence-Based Practice While the NDIA emphasises the need for evidence-based supports, critics argue that emerging therapies often lack extensive studies due to underfunding, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of exclusion (Greens Australia, 2024). 6.2 The Importance of Creative Expression Creative therapies provide unique benefits, such as improving emotional regulation and fostering social connections, particularly for individuals with complex needs. Advocacy groups suggest expanding research funding to build a stronger evidence base for these therapies. Conclusion The 2024 NDIS decision to reduce funding for art and music therapies has sparked significant debate about the balance between evidence-based practice and participant-centred care. While the government highlights sustainability and accountability, the personal stories of participants underscore the vital role these therapies play in improving quality of life. Moving forward, a collaborative approach involving stakeholders, participants, and practitioners is essential to ensure NDIS policies reflect the diverse needs of the disability community. References Australian Music Therapy Association (AMTA). (2024). Impact of Music Therapy in Disability Services. Retrieved from https://www.austmusictherapy.org.au Adelaide Now. (2024). Parents fear loss of music therapy after NDIS cuts. Retrieved from https://www.adelaidenow.com.au ANZACATA. (2024). Creative Therapies and Their Role in Disability Support. Retrieved from https://www.anzacata.org Daily Telegraph. (2024). Outrage over NDIS cuts to art and music therapy. Retrieved from https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au Greens Australia. (2024). Statement on NDIS Cuts to Creative Therapies. Retrieved from https://greens.org.au NDIS. (2024). Statement: NDIS Funded Music and Art Therapy. Retrieved from https://www.ndis.gov.au PWD Australia. (2024). Joint Statement on Art and Music Therapy Funding Cuts. Retrieved from https://pwd.org.au Shorten, B. (2024). NDIS Changes and Prioritising Evidence-Based Supports. Speech at NDIS Forum. Retrieved from https://www.ndisforum.gov.au How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 09/12/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The phenomenon of women’s attraction to ‘bad boys’—men exhibiting rebellious, non-conformist, or antisocial behaviours—has intrigued psychologists and sociologists alike. This article delves into the psychological underpinnings of this attraction, examining evolutionary theories, personality dynamics, and social influences. Keywords: Why women like bad boys, Attraction to bad boys psychology, Dark Triad and relationships, Evolutionary psychology and attraction, Bad boy archetype, Women’s preferences in relationships, Psychological reasons for bad boy appeal, Cultural influences on attraction, Attachment theory and relationship choices, Thrill of dating bad boys Evolutionary Perspectives From an evolutionary standpoint, certain ‘bad boy’ traits may signal genetic fitness. Research indicates that during ovulation, women may perceive men with dominant and assertive behaviours as more attractive, associating these traits with good genes and the potential for healthy offspring (Durante et al., 2012). This suggests that, at specific points in their menstrual cycle, women might be subconsciously drawn to men who exhibit confidence and risk-taking behaviours. The Dark Triad and Attraction The ‘Dark Triad’—comprising narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—has been linked to short-term mating strategies. Men exhibiting these traits often possess superficial charm and confidence, which can be appealing in initial encounters. Studies have found that such individuals may be more successful in short-term mating contexts, as their traits can be misconstrued as indicators of strength and desirability (Jonason et al., 2009). Psychological Dynamics The allure of ‘bad boys’ can also be attributed to psychological factors such as the desire for excitement and the challenge of reforming a rebellious partner. Some women may find the unpredictability associated with ‘bad boys’ thrilling, providing a stark contrast to more stable relationships. Additionally, the notion of being the one to ‘tame’ a ‘bad boy’ can be enticing, offering a sense of accomplishment and validation (Patrick Wanis, 2011). Social and Cultural Influences Media portrayals often romanticise ‘bad boys,’ reinforcing their appeal. Films and literature frequently depict these characters as misunderstood individuals with hidden depths, leading to a cultural narrative that glorifies their traits. This societal reinforcement can shape individual preferences, making the ‘bad boy’ archetype more alluring (Medical Xpress, 2016). Attachment Styles and Relationship Choices Attachment theory suggests that individuals with certain attachment styles may be more drawn to ‘bad boys.’ For instance, those with anxious attachment may seek the validation and excitement that ‘bad boys’ provide, despite potential relational instability. Conversely, securely attached individuals might prioritise stable and supportive partners over the allure of the ‘bad boy’ persona (Psychology Today, 2013). Conclusion The attraction to ‘bad boys’ is multifaceted, encompassing evolutionary instincts, psychological desires, and cultural narratives. Understanding these underlying factors can empower individuals to make informed relationship choices, fostering healthier and more fulfilling connections. References Durante, K. M., Griskevicius, V., Simpson, J. A., Cantu, S. M., & Li, N. P. (2012). Ovulation leads women to perceive sexy cads as good dads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 292–305. Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., Webster, G. D., & Schmitt, D. P. (2009). The dark triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy in men. European Journal of Personality, 23(1), 5–18. Wanis, P. (2011). Scientific & psychological reasons women love bad boys. Retrieved from https://www.patrickwanis.com/scientific-psychological-reasons-women-love-bad-boys/ Medical Xpress. (2016). Do women really go for ‘bad boys’? Here’s the science that settles the debate. Retrieved from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-05-women-bad-boys-science.html Psychology Today. (2013). Why do women fall for bad boys? Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/head-games/201310/why-do-women-fall-bad-boys How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 07/08/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Dating can be both exciting and challenging, especially in today’s fast-paced and digital-centric world. Navigating relationships requires understanding yourself, effective communication, and emotional intelligence. Psychological research provides valuable insights into forming and maintaining healthy relationships. This article explores evidence-based dating advice from psychologists to help you foster meaningful connections. Keywords: Dating advice from a psychologist, How to build healthy relationships, Psychological tips for dating, Effective communication in dating, Emotional intelligence in relationships, Recognising red flags in dating, Building strong connections, Navigating online dating, Self-awareness in relationships, Setting boundaries in dating, Maintaining a healthy relationship 1. Understanding Yourself: The Foundation of Healthy Dating Before entering a relationship, it’s essential to have a strong sense of self-awareness. According to Rogers’ theory of self-concept, knowing your values, needs, and boundaries is critical for emotional well-being (Rogers, 1961). Self-reflection helps you identify what you’re looking for in a partner and ensures compatibility. Tips for Self-Discovery: Reflect on past relationships to understand what worked and what didn’t. Identify your non-negotiables, such as values, lifestyle, and future goals. Practice self-compassion and avoid negative self-talk (Neff, 2003). 2. Effective Communication: The Cornerstone of Relationships Communication is a fundamental aspect of dating. Psychologists emphasise the importance of active listening and expressing emotions honestly. Gottman’s research highlights that effective communication can predict long-term relationship success (Gottman, 1994). Strategies for Better Communication: Use “I” statements to express feelings without assigning blame (e.g., “I feel hurt when…”). Actively listen by paraphrasing what your partner says to ensure understanding. Be open about your needs and encourage your partner to do the same. 3. Emotional Intelligence: Managing Emotions in Dating Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to understand and manage your emotions while empathising with others. High EI is linked to better conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction (Goleman, 1995). Building Emotional Intelligence: Practice mindfulness to improve emotional regulation (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). Learn to identify and label your emotions accurately. Develop empathy by actively considering your partner’s perspective. 4. Navigating Online Dating: Balancing Opportunities and Challenges Online dating has revolutionised how people connect, offering convenience but also presenting unique challenges. Research suggests that while online dating expands the pool of potential partners, it may also lead to decision fatigue and superficial judgments (Finkel et al., 2012). Tips for Online Dating: Be authentic in your profile to attract compatible matches. Set realistic expectations and avoid overgeneralising from online interactions. Take breaks if the process becomes overwhelming. 5. Recognising Red Flags and Setting Boundaries Psychologists stress the importance of recognising red flags, such as controlling behaviour, dishonesty, or lack of respect. Establishing clear boundaries is essential for maintaining a healthy relationship (Cloud & Townsend, 2002). Common Red Flags: Excessive jealousy or attempts to isolate you from friends and family. Inconsistent or manipulative behaviour. Lack of accountability for actions. 6. Building and Maintaining Healthy Relationships Once a connection is established, maintaining a healthy relationship requires effort and mutual respect. Research suggests that kindness, gratitude, and shared activities strengthen bonds (Fredrickson, 2001). Strategies for Relationship Success: Show appreciation for your partner regularly. Make time for shared experiences, such as hobbies or travel. Work on personal growth to contribute positively to the relationship. 7. When to Seek Professional Help If you find yourself struggling with recurring patterns of conflict or emotional distress in relationships, consulting a psychologist can provide valuable insights. Relationship counselling can help address underlying issues and improve communication skills. Conclusion Dating is a journey of self-discovery and connection. By applying psychological principles such as self-awareness, effective communication, and emotional intelligence, you can navigate the complexities of dating more effectively. Remember that a healthy relationship begins with understanding yourself and extends to building mutual respect and empathy with your partner. Professional guidance is always available to support you in fostering meaningful and fulfilling connections. References Cloud, H., & Townsend, J. (2002). Boundaries: When to say yes, how to say no to take control of your life. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(1), pp. 3–66. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), pp. 218–226. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam Books. Gottman, J. M. (1994). Why marriages succeed or fail: And how you can make yours last. New York: Simon & Schuster. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Delacorte. Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), pp. 223–250. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/08/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Abusive relationships can often be difficult to identify, especially when emotional or psychological abuse is involved. This article aims to shed light on the various signs of an abusive relationship, offering guidance for individuals who may be questioning the health and safety of their relationships. Understanding these signs is crucial for taking steps towards safety and healing. Introduction Abuse in relationships can take many forms, from physical and sexual to emotional and psychological. Recognising the signs of an abusive relationship is the first step in seeking help and escaping the cycle of abuse. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of these signs and offer advice for those who find themselves in such situations. Signs of an Abusive Relationship Physical Abuse: This is the most visible form of abuse and includes any act of violence or physical harm. Emotional Abuse: Emotional abuse can be more difficult to identify. It includes behaviors such as belittling, constant criticism, and manipulation. Control: Abusers often seek to control their partners’ actions, choices, and movements, isolating them from friends and family. Financial Abuse: This involves controlling a partner’s financial resources, limiting their ability to use, acquire, and maintain financial assets. Sexual Abuse: This includes any non-consensual sexual activity or behavior. The Cycle of Abuse Understanding the cycle of abuse is key to recognizing it. This cycle often includes a tension-building phase, an incident of acute abuse, followed by a reconciliation phase, and a period of calm before the cycle repeats. Impact of Abuse Physical and Mental Health: Abuse can lead to both physical injuries and long-term mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Self-Esteem: Victims of abuse often experience a decline in self-esteem and self-worth. Isolation: Abusers often isolate their victims from their support network, making it harder for them to seek help or escape. Steps to Take Acknowledge the Abuse: Recognizing that you are in an abusive relationship is a critical first step. Seek Support: Reach out to friends, family, or professional services for support. Many organizations offer resources for victims of abuse. Create a Safety Plan: If you’re planning to leave an abusive relationship, it’s important to have a safety plan in place. This may include saving money, securing important documents, and finding a safe place to stay. Professional Help: Consider seeking counseling or therapy to help process your experiences and rebuild your sense of self. Conclusion Identifying an abusive relationship is a crucial step in the journey towards safety and healing. It’s important for individuals to recognize the signs of abuse and take appropriate action. Remember, abuse is never acceptable, and support is available. Taking the first step can lead to a safer, healthier future. References National Domestic Violence Hotline. (2023). Understanding Abuse. NDVH. World Health Organization. (2023). Intimate Partner Violence. WHO. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Preventing Intimate Partner Violence. CDC. How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 11/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. School shootings are a tragic phenomenon that has sparked extensive psychological research and public discourse. Understanding the underlying psychological factors, social influences, and warning signs associated with school shooters can aid in developing preventive measures to protect schools and students. This article explores the psychology of school shooters, examining their mental states, risk factors, and key interventions. Keywords: Psychology of school shooters, School shootings and mental health, Causes of school violence, Bullying and aggression in schools, Social rejection and violence, Media influence on school shooters, Mental illness and school shooters, Prevention of school shootings, Warning signs of school violence, Copycat behaviour and shootings 1. Profile of a School Shooter Research indicates that school shooters do not fit a singular profile; however, common characteristics emerge across cases. These individuals often experience chronic isolation, bullying, or rejection and exhibit signs of psychological distress. According to Langman (2015), school shooters typically fall into three categories: Psychopathic Shooters: Individuals with antisocial traits, lack of empathy, and manipulative tendencies. Psychotic Shooters: Those experiencing severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia or delusional thinking. Traumatised Shooters: Individuals who have endured abuse, neglect, or significant trauma. These categories highlight that mental health and adverse life experiences can play significant roles in influencing violent behaviour. 2. Mental Health and Psychological Factors Poor mental health is a key factor in many school shootings. Depression, paranoia, and suicidal ideation are common among perpetrators. A study by O’Toole (2000) found that 78% of school shooters had reported feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts before committing violence. These individuals often perceive violence as a way to regain control or express deep-seated anger. Furthermore, untreated mental illnesses, such as severe depression or psychosis, can exacerbate maladaptive thinking patterns. However, it is crucial to emphasise that most people experiencing mental illness do not engage in violence (APA, 2022). Thus, a multifaceted approach must address not only mental health but broader societal issues. 3. The Role of Social Rejection and Bullying Many school shooters report prolonged social rejection and bullying as triggers for their actions. Aggression, humiliation, and peer isolation can contribute to feelings of alienation and rage. Leary et al. (2003) highlight the role of chronic ostracism, which can result in a loss of self-worth and, in some cases, provoke violent retaliatory behaviour. Social rejection alone does not lead to school shootings but, combined with other psychological vulnerabilities, can act as a catalyst. Early intervention programs in schools aimed at fostering inclusion and addressing bullying can help mitigate these risks. 4. Media Influence and Copycat Behaviour The sensationalised media coverage of school shootings often amplifies their impact. Research by Towers et al. (2015) shows that extensive reporting can inspire copycat incidents, particularly among vulnerable individuals seeking notoriety. This phenomenon, known as the “contagion effect,” underscores the importance of responsible reporting to avoid glorification. The role of violent media consumption has also been debated. While exposure to violent video games or films does not directly cause violent acts, it may desensitise individuals to aggression, particularly when coupled with psychological or environmental stressors (Anderson & Bushman, 2001). 5. Prevention Strategies Prevention efforts must be multifaceted, addressing individual, social, and systemic risk factors. Key strategies include: Early Identification of Warning Signs: Identifying behaviours such as threats, fascination with violence, and social withdrawal can allow for early intervention (Langman, 2015). Mental Health Support: Schools must provide access to mental health services to address students’ psychological needs. Anti-Bullying Programs: Implementing inclusive, anti-bullying programs can reduce peer aggression and foster healthy relationships. Parental and Community Involvement: Strong support systems are essential for students struggling with emotional or social challenges. Case Studies on the Psychology of School Shooters Understanding the psychology of school shooters requires examining their individual histories, mental health struggles, social environments, and influences. Below are nine expanded case studies that highlight the complex interplay of psychological and environmental factors contributing to these tragic events. These examples underscore the need for early identification of warning signs and effective interventions to prevent future occurrences. Case Study 1: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold (Columbine High School, 1999) On April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold carried out a devastating mass shooting at Columbine High School in Colorado, killing 13 people and injuring 24 others before committing suicide. This event became one of the most infamous school shootings in history and has been extensively studied for its psychological implications. Psychological Profiles Eric Harris exhibited psychopathic traits, including a lack of empathy, grandiosity, and manipulative behaviour. According to Langman (2015), Harris’s writings revealed a deep sense of superiority and contempt for others, coupled with a fascination with violence. Dylan Klebold, on the other hand, showed signs of severe depression and suicidal ideation. He was socially withdrawn and expressed feelings of hopelessness in his journal entries. Social Isolation and Bullying Both Harris and Klebold experienced social isolation and rejection, though the extent to which bullying contributed to their actions remains debated. Klebold, in particular, struggled with feelings of inferiority and unworthiness, which were exacerbated by social dynamics at school (Leary et al., 2003). Influence of Media and Planning The two perpetrators were deeply fascinated by violent media, including video games and films. However, their meticulously planned attack, which included constructing homemade bombs and writing detailed journals about their intentions, suggests that their actions were premeditated rather than impulsive (Langman, 2015). Harris and Klebold sought notoriety, intending their actions to inspire future attacks, as evidenced by their video recordings prior to the shooting. Lessons Learned The Columbine case highlighted the need for schools to address bullying and social isolation comprehensively. Additionally, it underscored the importance of recognising warning signs, such as explicit threats, fascination with violence, and withdrawal from social interactions. Case Study 2: Barry Loukaitis (Frontier Middle

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. John Money, a psychologist and sexologist born in New Zealand in 1921, is one of the most controversial figures in the fields of gender studies and human sexuality. Widely regarded as a pioneer in conceptualising gender identity as distinct from biological sex, Money’s work was both revolutionary and contentious. His theories, however, became subject to significant ethical and scientific scrutiny, particularly following the infamous David Reimer case. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of Money’s contributions, controversies, and the long-term implications of his work on gender theory and medical ethics. Keywords: John Money controversy, David Reimer case, Gender identity theories, John Money ethical issues, Gender reassignment controversy, John Money psychology contributions, Biological sex vs gender identity, John Money and David Reimer, Ethics in gender reassignment, Gender theory pioneers, Intersex medical interventions, John Money gender role Money’s Contributions to Gender Theory John Money was instrumental in coining several key terms that are foundational in gender studies today, including “gender role,” “gender identity,” and “sexual orientation” (Wikipedia, 2023). His central argument was that gender identity was primarily shaped by social and environmental factors rather than being biologically predetermined. Money proposed that gender identity was malleable during a “critical period” in early childhood, typically within the first two years of life, a theory that became the basis for his approach to treating intersex children (Gaetano, 2017). Money’s work laid the groundwork for modern gender theory and influenced clinical practices worldwide. His argument that gender was distinct from biological sex has had a profound impact on psychology, sociology, and medical fields. Yet, his methods and conclusions, particularly in practice, have been met with severe criticism. The David Reimer Case The most controversial aspect of Money’s career involved the case of David Reimer, a child born in 1965 as Bruce Reimer. Following a botched circumcision that destroyed Bruce’s penis, Money recommended to his parents that Bruce be surgically reassigned as female and raised as a girl. His theory suggested that nurture could override nature, and that Bruce—renamed Brenda—would adopt a female gender identity if raised accordingly (Gaetano, 2017). Throughout the 1970s, Money reported the case as a groundbreaking success, citing Brenda’s apparent acceptance of a female identity as evidence of his theory. However, these reports were later revealed to be highly misleading. Brenda experienced severe gender dysphoria and struggled with her identity throughout childhood. At the age of 14, Brenda was informed of her biological sex and decided to transition back to living as a male, adopting the name David. Despite this, David Reimer suffered from lifelong psychological trauma and died by suicide in 2004 at the age of 38 (Gaetano, 2017). Ethical Violations and Criticism Money’s handling of the Reimer case has been the subject of intense ethical criticism. It has been alleged that his methods during therapy sessions included coercion and inappropriate practices, particularly forcing David and his twin brother to perform simulated sexual acts as part of their therapy (Transgender Map, 2023). These actions have been widely condemned as abusive and unethical. Money’s decision to publicly declare the case a success despite contrary evidence has raised questions about his scientific integrity. Critics argue that his insistence on proving his theory overrode concerns for the welfare of his patients. The case has since become a cautionary tale about the dangers of untested medical interventions and the prioritisation of theory over patient care (Quillette, 2023). The Impact on Gender Theory Despite the controversies surrounding his work, John Money’s contributions to gender theory remain significant. His assertion that gender identity is distinct from biological sex challenged long-held assumptions and made alternative arguments towards human sexuality and gender diversity. Many of his ideas have been further developed and refined by subsequent research, contributing to the development of transgender studies and the advocacy for intersex rights (Wikipedia, 2023). However, the ethical shortcomings of his practices have led to calls for greater caution in applying gender theories, particularly in clinical contexts. The David Reimer case has sparked ongoing debates about the ethics of early medical interventions for intersex and transgender children, emphasising the importance of informed consent and patient autonomy (Gaetano, 2017). Legacy and Lessons Learned John Money’s legacy is a complex blend of innovation and controversy. While his theoretical contributions to gender studies have had a lasting impact, the ethical failings in his clinical practices have overshadowed much of his work. The Reimer case serves as a poignant reminder of the potential consequences of prioritising theoretical ambitions over patient welfare. Money’s story also underscores the importance of ethical standards in medical and psychological research. As society continues to navigate issues surrounding gender identity, sexuality, and medical interventions, the lessons of Money’s career remain profoundly relevant. Conclusion The controversy surrounding John Money highlights the dual-edged nature of pioneering scientific work. While his contributions to gender theory were groundbreaking, his ethical lapses in clinical practice have left a troubling legacy. Understanding the complexities of his work and its implications is essential for advancing gender studies and ensuring ethical rigor in the treatment of vulnerable populations. References Gaetano, P. (2017). David Reimer and John Money Gender Reassignment Controversy: The John/Joan Case. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/david-reimer-and-john-money-gender-reassignment-controversy-johnjoan-case Transgender Map. (2023). John Money vs. sex and gender minorities. Retrieved from https://www.transgendermap.com/issues/psychology/john-money/ Quillette. (2023). In Defence of John Money. Retrieved from https://quillette.com/2023/06/16/in-defence-of-john-money/ Wikipedia. (2023). John Money. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 10/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 2013, serves as the primary reference for diagnosing mental health conditions worldwide. As a critical tool for clinicians, researchers, and educators, the DSM-5 establishes standardised criteria for identifying, classifying, and understanding mental disorders. This article examines the history, structure, updates, and significance of the DSM-5 while addressing its impact on mental health practice and its critiques. Keywords: DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5 overview, DSM-5 mental health classification, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, DSM-5 vs DSM-IV, DSM-5 new disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder in DSM-5, DSM-5 substance use disorders, DSM-5 multiaxial system changes, DSM-5 mental health diagnoses 1. History of the DSM The DSM was first published in 1952 as a collaborative effort to standardise psychiatric diagnoses across the United States. Its initial editions focused on categorising disorders based on clinical observations rather than empirical evidence (APA, 2013). Over the decades, revisions of the DSM incorporated advancements in psychiatric research, with the DSM-5 representing the most comprehensive update to date. The current edition emphasises evidence-based criteria, improving diagnostic reliability and validity (Regier, Narrow & Kupfer, 2013). 2. Structure and Organisation The DSM-5 is divided into three primary sections: Section I provides an introduction to the manual, including instructions on its use. Section II lists diagnostic criteria and classifications for mental disorders, organised into 20 major categories such as neurodevelopmental disorders, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. Section III includes emerging measures and models, such as assessment tools and conditions requiring further research (APA, 2013). 3. Key Updates in the DSM-5 The DSM-5 introduced several significant changes compared to its predecessor, the DSM-IV-TR, including: Elimination of the Multiaxial System: The DSM-5 removed the multiaxial diagnostic system, streamlining the evaluation process (APA, 2013). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): The DSM-5 combined previously separate conditions like Asperger’s Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder into a single category under ASD (Lord et al., 2018). New Disorders: Disorders such as Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) and Hoarding Disorder were introduced to address previously unclassified conditions (Regier, Narrow & Kupfer, 2013). Changes to Substance Use Disorders: The DSM-5 merged “substance abuse” and “substance dependence” into a single category, reflecting the continuum of severity in substance-related disorders (Hasin et al., 2013). 4. Significance in Mental Health Practice The DSM-5 plays a critical role in mental health practice by providing: Standardisation: It ensures consistency in diagnoses across practitioners, improving communication and treatment planning. Guidance for Treatment: Diagnostic criteria inform evidence-based interventions and therapies. Research Foundation: The manual serves as a framework for psychiatric research, aiding in understanding mental disorders and developing treatments (Regier, Narrow & Kupfer, 2013). 5. Critiques and Controversies Despite its utility, the DSM-5 has faced criticism: Overpathologising: Some argue that the manual medicalises normal behaviours, potentially leading to overdiagnosis (Frances, 2013). Cultural Bias: Critics highlight the manual’s Western-centric framework, which may not account for cultural variations in mental health expression (Lopez et al., 2017). Subjectivity in Diagnosis: Concerns remain about the subjectivity of some diagnostic criteria, which can lead to inconsistent application among clinicians (Regier, Narrow & Kupfer, 2013). 6. Global Impact The DSM-5 is used internationally, although some countries rely on the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for diagnostic purposes. The DSM-5 and ICD systems often overlap, but the DSM provides more detailed criteria, making it a preferred tool for clinical practice and research in many regions (First, Reed & Hyman, 2015). Conclusion The DSM-5 represents a significant advancement in the field of psychiatry, offering a standardised approach to diagnosing and understanding mental disorders. While its updates have addressed many gaps in previous editions, critiques highlight areas for future refinement. As the foundation for mental health diagnosis and research, the DSM-5 continues to influence clinical practice globally, bridging the gap between psychiatry and evidence-based care. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Frances, A. (2013). Saving normal: An insider’s revolt against out-of-control psychiatric diagnosis, DSM-5, big pharma, and the medicalization of ordinary life. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com. First, M. B., Reed, G. M., & Hyman, S. E. (2015). The development of the ICD-11 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. World Psychiatry, 14(1), pp. 82-90. Hasin, D. S., et al. (2013). DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8), pp. 834-851. Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet, 392(10146), pp. 508-520. Lopez, S. R., et al. (2017). Culturally adapted DSM-5: Cross-cultural challenges and recommendations. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, pp. 44-57. Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., & Kupfer, D. J. (2013). The conceptual development of DSM-5. World Psychiatry, 12(2), pp. 126-132. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.