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Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 11/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. School shootings are a tragic phenomenon that has sparked extensive psychological research and public discourse. Understanding the underlying psychological factors, social influences, and warning signs associated with school shooters can aid in developing preventive measures to protect schools and students. This article explores the psychology of school shooters, examining their mental states, risk factors, and key interventions. Keywords: Psychology of school shooters, School shootings and mental health, Causes of school violence, Bullying and aggression in schools, Social rejection and violence, Media influence on school shooters, Mental illness and school shooters, Prevention of school shootings, Warning signs of school violence, Copycat behaviour and shootings 1. Profile of a School Shooter Research indicates that school shooters do not fit a singular profile; however, common characteristics emerge across cases. These individuals often experience chronic isolation, bullying, or rejection and exhibit signs of psychological distress. According to Langman (2015), school shooters typically fall into three categories: Psychopathic Shooters: Individuals with antisocial traits, lack of empathy, and manipulative tendencies. Psychotic Shooters: Those experiencing severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia or delusional thinking. Traumatised Shooters: Individuals who have endured abuse, neglect, or significant trauma. These categories highlight that mental health and adverse life experiences can play significant roles in influencing violent behaviour. 2. Mental Health and Psychological Factors Poor mental health is a key factor in many school shootings. Depression, paranoia, and suicidal ideation are common among perpetrators. A study by O’Toole (2000) found that 78% of school shooters had reported feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts before committing violence. These individuals often perceive violence as a way to regain control or express deep-seated anger. Furthermore, untreated mental illnesses, such as severe depression or psychosis, can exacerbate maladaptive thinking patterns. However, it is crucial to emphasise that most people experiencing mental illness do not engage in violence (APA, 2022). Thus, a multifaceted approach must address not only mental health but broader societal issues. 3. The Role of Social Rejection and Bullying Many school shooters report prolonged social rejection and bullying as triggers for their actions. Aggression, humiliation, and peer isolation can contribute to feelings of alienation and rage. Leary et al. (2003) highlight the role of chronic ostracism, which can result in a loss of self-worth and, in some cases, provoke violent retaliatory behaviour. Social rejection alone does not lead to school shootings but, combined with other psychological vulnerabilities, can act as a catalyst. Early intervention programs in schools aimed at fostering inclusion and addressing bullying can help mitigate these risks. 4. Media Influence and Copycat Behaviour The sensationalised media coverage of school shootings often amplifies their impact. Research by Towers et al. (2015) shows that extensive reporting can inspire copycat incidents, particularly among vulnerable individuals seeking notoriety. This phenomenon, known as the “contagion effect,” underscores the importance of responsible reporting to avoid glorification. The role of violent media consumption has also been debated. While exposure to violent video games or films does not directly cause violent acts, it may desensitise individuals to aggression, particularly when coupled with psychological or environmental stressors (Anderson & Bushman, 2001). 5. Prevention Strategies Prevention efforts must be multifaceted, addressing individual, social, and systemic risk factors. Key strategies include: Early Identification of Warning Signs: Identifying behaviours such as threats, fascination with violence, and social withdrawal can allow for early intervention (Langman, 2015). Mental Health Support: Schools must provide access to mental health services to address students’ psychological needs. Anti-Bullying Programs: Implementing inclusive, anti-bullying programs can reduce peer aggression and foster healthy relationships. Parental and Community Involvement: Strong support systems are essential for students struggling with emotional or social challenges. Case Studies on the Psychology of School Shooters Understanding the psychology of school shooters requires examining their individual histories, mental health struggles, social environments, and influences. Below are nine expanded case studies that highlight the complex interplay of psychological and environmental factors contributing to these tragic events. These examples underscore the need for early identification of warning signs and effective interventions to prevent future occurrences. Case Study 1: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold (Columbine High School, 1999) On April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold carried out a devastating mass shooting at Columbine High School in Colorado, killing 13 people and injuring 24 others before committing suicide. This event became one of the most infamous school shootings in history and has been extensively studied for its psychological implications. Psychological Profiles Eric Harris exhibited psychopathic traits, including a lack of empathy, grandiosity, and manipulative behaviour. According to Langman (2015), Harris’s writings revealed a deep sense of superiority and contempt for others, coupled with a fascination with violence. Dylan Klebold, on the other hand, showed signs of severe depression and suicidal ideation. He was socially withdrawn and expressed feelings of hopelessness in his journal entries. Social Isolation and Bullying Both Harris and Klebold experienced social isolation and rejection, though the extent to which bullying contributed to their actions remains debated. Klebold, in particular, struggled with feelings of inferiority and unworthiness, which were exacerbated by social dynamics at school (Leary et al., 2003). Influence of Media and Planning The two perpetrators were deeply fascinated by violent media, including video games and films. However, their meticulously planned attack, which included constructing homemade bombs and writing detailed journals about their intentions, suggests that their actions were premeditated rather than impulsive (Langman, 2015). Harris and Klebold sought notoriety, intending their actions to inspire future attacks, as evidenced by their video recordings prior to the shooting. Lessons Learned The Columbine case highlighted the need for schools to address bullying and social isolation comprehensively. Additionally, it underscored the importance of recognising warning signs, such as explicit threats, fascination with violence, and withdrawal from social interactions. Case Study 2: Barry Loukaitis (Frontier Middle

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 17/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Over the past five years, Sydney has experienced significant changes in mental health trends, with a marked increase in mental health disorders, particularly among young people. The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) has played a critical role in addressing these challenges, especially for individuals with psychosocial disabilities. However, the implementation of the NDIS has faced numerous obstacles, prompting reforms and continued discussions. Keywords: Sydney psychology, Mental health trends Sydney, NDIS and mental health, Psychosocial disabilities support, Mental health services Sydney, Best psychologist Sydney, NDIS psychology services, Telehealth psychologist Sydney, Anxiety disorders Sydney, Depression treatment Sydney, NDIS reforms mental health, Community mental health Sydney Rising Mental Health Concerns in Sydney Recent statistics show a considerable rise in mental health issues among Sydney’s youth. Between 2020 and 2022, approximately 40% of Australians aged 16 to 24 reported experiencing a mental health disorder, an increase from 26% in 2007 (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] 2023). This rise is more pronounced among young women, with 45.5% reporting mental health conditions compared to 30.1% in 2007 (ABS 2023). Anxiety disorders remain the most prevalent, affecting 17.2% of Australians aged 16–85 during this period, while mood disorders, such as depression, impacted 7.5% (ABS 2023). The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated these challenges, intensifying isolation, financial stress, and the strain of living in a city like Sydney with a high cost of living. NDIS and Psychosocial Disabilities The NDIS was established to provide support for individuals with disabilities, including those with psychosocial disabilities stemming from mental health conditions. However, the scheme initially focused on physical and intellectual disabilities, which created challenges in addressing the unique needs of individuals with mental illnesses. The eligibility criteria for the NDIS, which required a “permanent impairment,” conflicted with the recovery-oriented approach of mental health services. This approach emphasises potential for improvement and hope, creating barriers for individuals seeking support, as clinicians were reluctant to classify conditions as permanent (University of Sydney 2020). Gaps and Systemic Challenges Significant gaps in the NDIS’s approach to supporting individuals with mental illnesses have been identified. Issues such as slow uptake, disconnection between the concepts of ‘disability’ and ‘mental health,’ and insufficient involvement models for carers and families have been highlighted (University of Sydney 2018). Furthermore, the demand-driven model of the NDIS has raised concerns about the sustainability of specialist psychosocial services, particularly in rural and remote areas. Importantly, the NDIS does not replace community mental health services or treatments provided through the healthcare system, which can lead to confusion and difficulties navigating the service landscape for individuals with psychosocial disabilities (NDIS 2023). Reforms and Policy Changes In response to these issues, the NDIS has introduced reforms to improve access and support for individuals with mental health conditions. Recent changes have focused on basing eligibility on functional impairment rather than specific diagnoses, aiming to create a more equitable system (The Australian 2023). However, some proposed reforms, such as capping funding for therapies like art and music therapy, have sparked controversy among practitioners and participants. These therapies are crucial for many individuals, including those with complex communication needs, and changes may restrict access to vital support (Daily Telegraph 2023). Community and Provider Responses Community mental health services and NDIS-registered providers in Sydney, such as Flourish Australia, have been instrumental in supporting individuals with lived experiences of mental health challenges. These organisations offer tailored services designed to meet participants’ unique needs, ensuring appropriate and timely support (Flourish Australia n.d.). Despite these efforts, systemic issues persist. Advocates continue to push for comprehensive reforms that better serve individuals with severe mental illnesses, including bridging the gap between primary and acute care and improving community-based mental health support (The Australian 2023). Conclusion Sydney’s mental health landscape over the past five years has been characterised by rising prevalence of mental health disorders, particularly among young people, increasing demand for services, and systemic pressures on healthcare infrastructure. While the NDIS has made significant progress in addressing these challenges, ongoing reforms are essential. Collaboration between government agencies, service providers, and communities is necessary to ensure that individuals with mental health conditions receive the support they need to lead fulfilling lives. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive strategies that tackle social determinants, improve healthcare systems, and promote proactive community initiatives. References Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing, ABS, viewed 4 December 2024, https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/mental-health/national-study-mental-health-and-wellbeing/latest-release. Daily Telegraph 2023, ‘Devastating consequences: Outrage as NDIS changes threaten access to art and music therapy’, Daily Telegraph, viewed 4 December 2024, https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au. Flourish Australia n.d., About Us, Flourish Australia, viewed 4 December 2024, https://www.flourishaustralia.org.au. National Disability Insurance Scheme 2023, National Mental Health Sector November 2023 Communique, NDIS, viewed 4 December 2024, https://www.ndis.gov.au. The Australian 2023, ‘Distressing: NDIS change threatens key therapy’, The Australian, viewed 4 December 2024, https://www.theaustralian.com.au. University of Sydney 2018, Report identifies NDIS gaps for people living with mental illness, University of Sydney, viewed 4 December 2024, https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2018/01/30/report-identifies-ndis-gaps-for-people-living-with-mental-illnes.html. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 07/09/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Fear is a fundamental human emotion that serves as a survival mechanism, alerting individuals to potential dangers. However, when fears become excessive or irrational, they can develop into phobias, significantly impacting daily life. This article explores some of the most prevalent fears and phobias, their psychological underpinnings, and their implications for individuals and society. Keywords: Common fears, People’s greatest fears, Top fears and phobias, Fear of public speaking, Fear of heights, Evolutionary psychology and fear, Causes of phobias, How to overcome phobias, Psychological impact of fear, Fear of spiders Common Fears and Phobias Research indicates that certain fears are widespread across different populations. A survey of 2,000 Britons identified the following as the top fears: Heights (Acrophobia): Fear of heights affects approximately 35% of individuals, making it one of the most common phobias. Public Speaking (Glossophobia): Many people experience anxiety when speaking in front of an audience, leading to avoidance of such situations. Snakes (Ophidiophobia): This fear is prevalent and often linked to evolutionary survival mechanisms. Spiders (Arachnophobia): A common fear, particularly in regions where certain species are perceived as dangerous. Aging: Concerns about the physical and mental decline associated with aging are widespread. Confined Spaces (Claustrophobia): Fear of enclosed spaces can lead to significant distress in situations like elevators or crowded rooms. Flying (Aviophobia): Despite the rarity of airplane accidents, this fear affects a notable portion of the population. Germs (Mysophobia): An excessive fear of germs can result in compulsive behaviors aimed at avoiding contamination. Needles (Trypanophobia): Fear of injections or medical procedures involving needles is common and can lead to avoidance of necessary medical care. Darkness (Nyctophobia): Often originating in childhood, this fear can persist into adulthood for some individuals. These fears can range from mild discomfort to severe phobias that interfere with daily functioning. Psychological Underpinnings of Common Fears The development of common fears can be attributed to several psychological factors: Evolutionary Adaptations: Certain fears, such as those of snakes or spiders, may have evolved to protect early humans from dangerous animals. Learned Behaviors: Individuals can develop fears through personal experiences or by observing others. For example, witnessing a parent’s fear of dogs can lead a child to develop a similar fear. Cultural Influences: Societal norms and media representations can shape and reinforce specific fears. Genetic Predispositions: Some individuals may have a genetic tendency toward heightened anxiety, making them more susceptible to developing phobias. Implications of Fears and Phobias While fear is a natural and protective emotion, excessive fears or phobias can have significant implications: Avoidance Behaviors: Individuals may go to great lengths to avoid situations that trigger their fears, which can limit personal and professional opportunities. Physical Symptoms: Exposure to feared objects or situations can lead to physical reactions such as sweating, trembling, or rapid heartbeat. Mental Health Impact: Persistent fears can contribute to anxiety disorders, depression, and reduced quality of life. Addressing and Overcoming Fears Effective strategies for managing and overcoming fears include: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This approach helps individuals challenge and change unhelpful thought patterns related to their fears. Exposure Therapy: Gradually exposing individuals to the source of their fear in a controlled environment can reduce anxiety over time. Relaxation Techniques: Practices such as deep breathing, meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation can help manage anxiety symptoms. Professional Support: Consulting with mental health professionals can provide tailored strategies and support for overcoming phobias. Conclusion Understanding the common fears that affect individuals and the psychological factors that contribute to them is essential for developing effective interventions. By addressing these fears through evidence-based strategies, individuals can lead more fulfilling and less restricted lives. Take this quick Phobias Self Test References The Sun. (2023). Brits’ top 20 biggest and weirdest fears revealed. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.ie/fabulous/14073685/brits-top-20-fears-revealed/ Verywell Mind. (2023). 10 of the most common phobias. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/most-common-phobias-4136563 Australian Psychological Society. (2023). Phobias. Retrieved from https://psychology.org.au/for-the-public/psychology-topics/phobias How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 10/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 2013, serves as the primary reference for diagnosing mental health conditions worldwide. As a critical tool for clinicians, researchers, and educators, the DSM-5 establishes standardised criteria for identifying, classifying, and understanding mental disorders. This article examines the history, structure, updates, and significance of the DSM-5 while addressing its impact on mental health practice and its critiques. Keywords: DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5 overview, DSM-5 mental health classification, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, DSM-5 vs DSM-IV, DSM-5 new disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder in DSM-5, DSM-5 substance use disorders, DSM-5 multiaxial system changes, DSM-5 mental health diagnoses 1. History of the DSM The DSM was first published in 1952 as a collaborative effort to standardise psychiatric diagnoses across the United States. Its initial editions focused on categorising disorders based on clinical observations rather than empirical evidence (APA, 2013). Over the decades, revisions of the DSM incorporated advancements in psychiatric research, with the DSM-5 representing the most comprehensive update to date. The current edition emphasises evidence-based criteria, improving diagnostic reliability and validity (Regier, Narrow & Kupfer, 2013). 2. Structure and Organisation The DSM-5 is divided into three primary sections: Section I provides an introduction to the manual, including instructions on its use. Section II lists diagnostic criteria and classifications for mental disorders, organised into 20 major categories such as neurodevelopmental disorders, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. Section III includes emerging measures and models, such as assessment tools and conditions requiring further research (APA, 2013). 3. Key Updates in the DSM-5 The DSM-5 introduced several significant changes compared to its predecessor, the DSM-IV-TR, including: Elimination of the Multiaxial System: The DSM-5 removed the multiaxial diagnostic system, streamlining the evaluation process (APA, 2013). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): The DSM-5 combined previously separate conditions like Asperger’s Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder into a single category under ASD (Lord et al., 2018). New Disorders: Disorders such as Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) and Hoarding Disorder were introduced to address previously unclassified conditions (Regier, Narrow & Kupfer, 2013). Changes to Substance Use Disorders: The DSM-5 merged “substance abuse” and “substance dependence” into a single category, reflecting the continuum of severity in substance-related disorders (Hasin et al., 2013). 4. Significance in Mental Health Practice The DSM-5 plays a critical role in mental health practice by providing: Standardisation: It ensures consistency in diagnoses across practitioners, improving communication and treatment planning. Guidance for Treatment: Diagnostic criteria inform evidence-based interventions and therapies. Research Foundation: The manual serves as a framework for psychiatric research, aiding in understanding mental disorders and developing treatments (Regier, Narrow & Kupfer, 2013). 5. Critiques and Controversies Despite its utility, the DSM-5 has faced criticism: Overpathologising: Some argue that the manual medicalises normal behaviours, potentially leading to overdiagnosis (Frances, 2013). Cultural Bias: Critics highlight the manual’s Western-centric framework, which may not account for cultural variations in mental health expression (Lopez et al., 2017). Subjectivity in Diagnosis: Concerns remain about the subjectivity of some diagnostic criteria, which can lead to inconsistent application among clinicians (Regier, Narrow & Kupfer, 2013). 6. Global Impact The DSM-5 is used internationally, although some countries rely on the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for diagnostic purposes. The DSM-5 and ICD systems often overlap, but the DSM provides more detailed criteria, making it a preferred tool for clinical practice and research in many regions (First, Reed & Hyman, 2015). Conclusion The DSM-5 represents a significant advancement in the field of psychiatry, offering a standardised approach to diagnosing and understanding mental disorders. While its updates have addressed many gaps in previous editions, critiques highlight areas for future refinement. As the foundation for mental health diagnosis and research, the DSM-5 continues to influence clinical practice globally, bridging the gap between psychiatry and evidence-based care. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Frances, A. (2013). Saving normal: An insider’s revolt against out-of-control psychiatric diagnosis, DSM-5, big pharma, and the medicalization of ordinary life. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com. First, M. B., Reed, G. M., & Hyman, S. E. (2015). The development of the ICD-11 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. World Psychiatry, 14(1), pp. 82-90. Hasin, D. S., et al. (2013). DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8), pp. 834-851. Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet, 392(10146), pp. 508-520. Lopez, S. R., et al. (2017). Culturally adapted DSM-5: Cross-cultural challenges and recommendations. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, pp. 44-57. Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., & Kupfer, D. J. (2013). The conceptual development of DSM-5. World Psychiatry, 12(2), pp. 126-132. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. John Money, a psychologist and sexologist born in New Zealand in 1921, is one of the most controversial figures in the fields of gender studies and human sexuality. Widely regarded as a pioneer in conceptualising gender identity as distinct from biological sex, Money’s work was both revolutionary and contentious. His theories, however, became subject to significant ethical and scientific scrutiny, particularly following the infamous David Reimer case. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of Money’s contributions, controversies, and the long-term implications of his work on gender theory and medical ethics. Keywords: John Money controversy, David Reimer case, Gender identity theories, John Money ethical issues, Gender reassignment controversy, John Money psychology contributions, Biological sex vs gender identity, John Money and David Reimer, Ethics in gender reassignment, Gender theory pioneers, Intersex medical interventions, John Money gender role Money’s Contributions to Gender Theory John Money was instrumental in coining several key terms that are foundational in gender studies today, including “gender role,” “gender identity,” and “sexual orientation” (Wikipedia, 2023). His central argument was that gender identity was primarily shaped by social and environmental factors rather than being biologically predetermined. Money proposed that gender identity was malleable during a “critical period” in early childhood, typically within the first two years of life, a theory that became the basis for his approach to treating intersex children (Gaetano, 2017). Money’s work laid the groundwork for modern gender theory and influenced clinical practices worldwide. His argument that gender was distinct from biological sex has had a profound impact on psychology, sociology, and medical fields. Yet, his methods and conclusions, particularly in practice, have been met with severe criticism. The David Reimer Case The most controversial aspect of Money’s career involved the case of David Reimer, a child born in 1965 as Bruce Reimer. Following a botched circumcision that destroyed Bruce’s penis, Money recommended to his parents that Bruce be surgically reassigned as female and raised as a girl. His theory suggested that nurture could override nature, and that Bruce—renamed Brenda—would adopt a female gender identity if raised accordingly (Gaetano, 2017). Throughout the 1970s, Money reported the case as a groundbreaking success, citing Brenda’s apparent acceptance of a female identity as evidence of his theory. However, these reports were later revealed to be highly misleading. Brenda experienced severe gender dysphoria and struggled with her identity throughout childhood. At the age of 14, Brenda was informed of her biological sex and decided to transition back to living as a male, adopting the name David. Despite this, David Reimer suffered from lifelong psychological trauma and died by suicide in 2004 at the age of 38 (Gaetano, 2017). Ethical Violations and Criticism Money’s handling of the Reimer case has been the subject of intense ethical criticism. It has been alleged that his methods during therapy sessions included coercion and inappropriate practices, particularly forcing David and his twin brother to perform simulated sexual acts as part of their therapy (Transgender Map, 2023). These actions have been widely condemned as abusive and unethical. Money’s decision to publicly declare the case a success despite contrary evidence has raised questions about his scientific integrity. Critics argue that his insistence on proving his theory overrode concerns for the welfare of his patients. The case has since become a cautionary tale about the dangers of untested medical interventions and the prioritisation of theory over patient care (Quillette, 2023). The Impact on Gender Theory Despite the controversies surrounding his work, John Money’s contributions to gender theory remain significant. His assertion that gender identity is distinct from biological sex challenged long-held assumptions and made alternative arguments towards human sexuality and gender diversity. Many of his ideas have been further developed and refined by subsequent research, contributing to the development of transgender studies and the advocacy for intersex rights (Wikipedia, 2023). However, the ethical shortcomings of his practices have led to calls for greater caution in applying gender theories, particularly in clinical contexts. The David Reimer case has sparked ongoing debates about the ethics of early medical interventions for intersex and transgender children, emphasising the importance of informed consent and patient autonomy (Gaetano, 2017). Legacy and Lessons Learned John Money’s legacy is a complex blend of innovation and controversy. While his theoretical contributions to gender studies have had a lasting impact, the ethical failings in his clinical practices have overshadowed much of his work. The Reimer case serves as a poignant reminder of the potential consequences of prioritising theoretical ambitions over patient welfare. Money’s story also underscores the importance of ethical standards in medical and psychological research. As society continues to navigate issues surrounding gender identity, sexuality, and medical interventions, the lessons of Money’s career remain profoundly relevant. Conclusion The controversy surrounding John Money highlights the dual-edged nature of pioneering scientific work. While his contributions to gender theory were groundbreaking, his ethical lapses in clinical practice have left a troubling legacy. Understanding the complexities of his work and its implications is essential for advancing gender studies and ensuring ethical rigor in the treatment of vulnerable populations. References Gaetano, P. (2017). David Reimer and John Money Gender Reassignment Controversy: The John/Joan Case. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/david-reimer-and-john-money-gender-reassignment-controversy-johnjoan-case Transgender Map. (2023). John Money vs. sex and gender minorities. Retrieved from https://www.transgendermap.com/issues/psychology/john-money/ Quillette. (2023). In Defence of John Money. Retrieved from https://quillette.com/2023/06/16/in-defence-of-john-money/ Wikipedia. (2023). John Money. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 15/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Disney child stars have long been celebrated for their talent, charisma, and ability to captivate audiences worldwide. However, behind the scenes, many of these young performers face significant mental health challenges. The pressures of fame, public scrutiny, and transitioning into adulthood in the spotlight often leave a lasting impact on their psychological well-being. This article explores specific examples of Disney child stars who have battled mental health issues, shedding light on the broader systemic challenges in the entertainment industry. Keywords: Disney child stars mental health, Mental health struggles of Disney stars, Selena Gomez anxiety and depression, Demi Lovato bipolar disorder and addiction, Miley Cyrus identity crisis, Shia LaBeouf PTSD and addiction, Orlando Brown bipolar disorder, Lindsay Lohan addiction issues, Challenges for Disney child actors, Psychological impact of child stardom, Disney stars and therapy 1. Selena Gomez: Anxiety and Depression Selena Gomez, a former Disney star known for her role in Wizards of Waverly Place, has been open about her struggles with anxiety and depression. Gomez revealed that her mental health issues were exacerbated by the pressures of fame and managing lupus, an autoimmune condition. She took a break from her career in 2016 to seek professional help and has since become an advocate for mental health awareness (Gomez, 2022). Through her Rare Impact Fund, she raises funds to support mental health initiatives, particularly for young people (Rare Beauty, 2023). 2. Demi Lovato: Addiction, Bipolar Disorder, and Eating Disorders Demi Lovato, who starred in Camp Rock and Sonny with a Chance, has publicly discussed their struggles with substance abuse, bipolar disorder, and eating disorders. Lovato’s challenges began during their teenage years as they navigated the pressures of stardom. They have experienced multiple relapses but credit therapy and rehabilitation for their recovery journey. Lovato has also used their platform to advocate for mental health and addiction awareness, emphasising the importance of seeking help (Lovato, 2021). 3. Miley Cyrus: Anxiety and Identity Struggles Miley Cyrus, best known for her role in Hannah Montana, has spoken about her struggles with anxiety and identity confusion. Growing up in the spotlight made it difficult for Cyrus to separate her on-screen persona from her real self, leading to challenges in self-acceptance. Cyrus has emphasised the importance of therapy and mindfulness in managing her mental health (Cyrus, 2020). 4. Raven-Symoné: Body Image Issues and Anxiety Raven-Symoné, the star of That’s So Raven, has discussed her struggles with body image and anxiety. As a young star, she faced significant public scrutiny over her appearance, which affected her self-esteem. Raven has highlighted the importance of self-compassion and body positivity in her recovery journey (Raven-Symoné, 2022). 5. Shia LaBeouf: PTSD and Addiction Shia LaBeouf, who appeared in the Disney series Even Stevens, has battled PTSD and addiction. LaBeouf attributed his struggles to childhood trauma and the pressures of the entertainment industry. He has sought therapy and rehabilitation to address his mental health issues and has been vocal about the need for systemic change in Hollywood to support young actors (LaBeouf, 2019). 6. Lindsay Lohan: Addiction and Legal Troubles Lindsay Lohan, who starred in Disney’s The Parent Trap and Freaky Friday, has faced long-standing struggles with addiction and legal issues. The transition from child stardom to adulthood proved difficult for Lohan, resulting in multiple stints in rehabilitation. Lohan’s story underscores the importance of providing child stars with robust support systems to navigate the complexities of fame (Smith et al., 2020). 7. Orlando Brown: Bipolar Disorder and Substance Abuse Orlando Brown, another star of That’s So Raven, has openly discussed his struggles with bipolar disorder and substance abuse. Brown’s erratic behaviour and legal troubles brought attention to his mental health issues, leading him to seek professional help. His case highlights the need for early intervention and sustained support for young performers (Riley et al., 2019). 8. Bridging the Gap: Systemic Challenges and Solutions The mental health struggles of Disney child stars are often symptomatic of broader systemic issues in the entertainment industry: Lack of Support: Many young actors lack access to adequate mental health resources while working long hours in high-pressure environments (Thompson et al., 2021). Public Scrutiny: Constant media attention and online criticism amplify the psychological toll on young performers (Livingstone et al., 2018). Transition Challenges: The shift from child stardom to adult roles often brings identity crises and financial instability (Brown et al., 2020). 9. Advocacy and Change Despite these challenges, many former Disney stars have become mental health advocates, using their platforms to raise awareness and reduce stigma. By sharing their experiences, they inspire others to seek help and push for systemic changes within the industry. Conclusion The experiences of Disney child stars like Selena Gomez, Demi Lovato, and Miley Cyrus highlight the psychological toll of growing up in the spotlight. While their struggles are deeply personal, they also reflect systemic shortcomings in the entertainment industry. By prioritising mental health resources, fostering supportive environments, and reducing public scrutiny, society can better protect the well-being of young performers. References Brown, L., et al. (2020). The identity crisis of child stars: Transitioning into adulthood. Journal of Youth Studies, 23(5), pp. 731–750. Cyrus, M. (2020). Miley Cyrus on growing up Disney: The highs and lows. Interview Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.interviewmagazine.com Gomez, S. (2022). Mental health and advocacy: A conversation with Selena Gomez. Time Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.time.com LaBeouf, S. (2019). Honey Boy: A Memoir. New York: HarperCollins. Livingstone, S., et al. (2018). Children and social media: Risks and opportunities. Journal of Media Psychology, 30(4), pp. 168–178. Lovato, D. (2021). Demi Lovato: Dancing with the Devil. Los Angeles: YouTube Originals. Raven-Symoné. (2022). Body positivity and mental health: My journey. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com Riley, L., et al. (2019). The psychological toll of child stardom: An empirical

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 05/09/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The concept of men being attracted to ‘good girls’—women who exhibit kindness, agreeableness, and nurturing qualities—has been a subject of interest in psychological and evolutionary studies. This article explores the underlying factors contributing to this preference, drawing on scientific research and theories. Keywords: Why men like good girls, Attraction to good girls psychology, Evolutionary psychology and attraction, Men’s preferences in relationships, Kindness and attractiveness, Agreeableness in mate selection, Good girl archetype, Cultural influences on attraction, Attachment theory and relationships, Men’s attraction to nurturing traits Evolutionary Perspectives From an evolutionary standpoint, men may prefer partners who display nurturing and prosocial behaviours, as these traits are indicative of effective parenting and the ability to foster a stable family environment. Parental investment theory suggests that men seek mates who can contribute to the upbringing of offspring, ensuring the survival and propagation of their genes (Trivers, 1972). Women who exhibit kindness and nurturing behaviours are perceived as more capable of providing the necessary care for children, making them attractive partners in the context of long-term relationships. Personality Traits and Mate Selection Personality traits play a significant role in mate selection. Research indicates that men value agreeableness and emotional stability in potential partners, as these traits contribute to harmonious and enduring relationships (Botwin, Buss, & Shackelford, 1997). Agreeableness, encompassing attributes such as kindness and warmth, facilitates cooperation and reduces conflict, which are essential for relationship satisfaction and longevity. The Role of Kindness in Perceived Attractiveness Kindness significantly enhances physical attractiveness. A study involving over 4,000 participants found that individuals described as kind and helpful were consistently rated as more physically attractive compared to those described as merely funny or intelligent (Kononov et al., 2024). This suggests that prosocial traits not only contribute to relational harmony but also elevate perceived physical appeal, reinforcing men’s preference for ‘good girls’. Cultural and Social Influences Cultural narratives often idealise the ‘good girl’ archetype, associating it with virtues like purity, loyalty, and nurturing. These societal constructs shape individual preferences, leading men to seek partners who embody these culturally endorsed qualities. Media representations and traditional gender roles further perpetuate this ideal, influencing men’s attraction to women who align with the ‘good girl’ persona. Attachment Styles and Relationship Dynamics Attachment theory posits that individuals with secure attachment styles are more likely to form stable and satisfying relationships. Men with secure attachment tendencies may be drawn to ‘good girls’ who exhibit reliability and emotional availability, as these traits align with their expectations for a dependable partnership (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). Conversely, men with insecure attachment styles might seek partners who fulfill their specific emotional needs, which can also influence their attraction patterns. Conclusion Men’s attraction to ‘good girls’ is multifaceted, encompassing evolutionary imperatives, personality dynamics, cultural influences, and individual attachment styles. Understanding these factors provides insight into mate selection processes and highlights the importance of prosocial traits in fostering healthy and enduring relationships. References Botwin, M. D., Buss, D. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (1997). Personality and mate preferences: Five factors in mate selection and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 65(1), 107-136. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualised as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524. Kononov, N., et al. (2024). Kindness increases attractiveness: Evidence from ten experiments. British Journal of Social Psychology. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/kind-people-are-more-physically-attractive-study-finds-9dwq3nbh6 Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (pp. 136-179). Chicago, IL: Aldine. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.