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“Baby Reindeer” is an acclaimed one-man show by Richard Gadd that delves into the complex and disturbing relationship between the author and his stalker, Martha. This article explores the psychological dimensions of stalking, using Martha as a case study to understand the mental processes and potential disorders that may drive such behaviours.

Stalking is defined as a pattern of repeated, unwanted attention, harassment, and contact that causes fear or concern for one’s safety. It is a serious issue that can have profound psychological impacts on both the victim and the perpetrator.

Stalkers often exhibit a range of psychological issues, including personality disorders, attachment issues, and delusional thinking. According to Mullen et al. (2000), stalkers can be classified into various types, such as rejected, intimacy-seeking, incompetent, resentful, and predatory. Martha’s behaviour, as depicted in “Baby Reindeer,” aligns closely with the intimacy-seeking type, where the stalker believes that their victim reciprocates their feelings or is destined to be in a relationship with them.

Delusional disorder is characterised by the presence of one or more delusions that persist for at least one month. Individuals with this disorder often appear normal apart from their delusions and can function well in everyday life. Martha exhibits signs of erotomanic delusions, a subtype where the individual believes another person, often someone of higher status, is in love with them (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Attachment theory suggests that early interactions with caregivers shape an individual’s expectations and behaviours in relationships. An insecure attachment style, particularly anxious or preoccupied attachment, can lead to excessive dependency and fear of abandonment, driving obsessive behaviours seen in stalking (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). Martha’s persistent need for contact and her intense reactions to perceived rejection could stem from such attachment issues.

Personality disorders, such as Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) or Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), often involve patterns of instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions. Individuals with BPD, for instance, may exhibit frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment, which can manifest as stalking behaviours (Lieb et al., 2004).

Victims of stalking experience a range of emotional, psychological, and physical effects. The constant surveillance and intrusion lead to heightened anxiety, depression, and a pervasive sense of fear. Gadd’s portrayal in “Baby Reindeer” highlights these impacts, illustrating the profound disruption to his life and mental health.

Effective coping strategies and therapeutic interventions are crucial for victims. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and other forms of counselling can help victims manage their fear and anxiety, rebuild their sense of safety, and develop strategies to deal with their stalker (Kamphuis et al., 2014).

Legal interventions, including restraining orders and anti-stalking laws, are vital in protecting victims. In Australia, the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007 outlines specific measures for dealing with stalking and provides mechanisms for victims to seek protection through the legal system (New South Wales Government, 2007).

Keep a detailed record of all stalking incidents. This documentation should include dates, times, locations, descriptions of the behaviour, and any witnesses. Save all messages, voicemails, emails, and gifts. This evidence can be crucial when reporting the stalking to authorities and seeking legal protection (Sheridan & Grant, 2007).

Tell trusted friends, family members, and colleagues about the stalking. They can provide support, help you stay safe, and act as witnesses if necessary. Informing your workplace or school can also help ensure your safety in those environments.

Report the stalking to the police as soon as possible. Provide them with the documentation you have collected. In Australia, stalking is a criminal offence under various state and territory laws. The police can advise you on protective measures and may be able to take action against the stalker (McEwan et al., 2009).

A restraining or protection order is a legal order issued by a court to protect you from the stalker. These orders can prohibit the stalker from contacting you, coming near you, or visiting your home, workplace, or other specified locations. To obtain a restraining order, you will need to provide evidence of the stalking behaviour to the court (Thomas et al., 2008).

Depending on the severity of the stalking, the police may pursue criminal charges against the stalker. This can result in arrest, prosecution, and potentially imprisonment for the offender. Criminal charges can provide a stronger level of protection and deter further stalking behaviour.

Develop a personal safety plan that includes steps to increase your security at home, work, and in public. This plan might include changing your daily routines, arranging for someone to accompany you when going out, and identifying safe places you can go in an emergency (Logan & Walker, 2017).

Consider improving your home security by installing locks, alarms, and security cameras. Ensure that your home is well-lit and that you have secure entry points. Inform your neighbours about the situation so they can help keep an eye on your property.

Stalkers often use online platforms to monitor and harass their victims. Enhance your online security by adjusting privacy settings on social media, using strong passwords, and being cautious about the information you share online. Consider using a pseudonym or limiting your online presence (Spitzberg & Cupach, 2007).

Experiencing stalking can have severe psychological impacts, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Seeking help from a mental health professional can provide you with coping strategies and emotional support. Therapy can help you process the trauma and develop resilience (Pathé & Mullen, 1997).

Joining a support group for stalking victims can provide a sense of community and understanding. Sharing your experiences with others who have faced similar situations can reduce feelings of isolation and provide practical advice for dealing with the effects of stalking.

Various organisations offer support services for stalking victims, including counselling, legal advice, and emergency assistance. In Australia, organisations such as 1800RESPECT, Lifeline, and the Victims of Crime Helpline provide valuable resources and support.

Stalking is a serious issue that affects both the victim and the perpetrator. If you find yourself exhibiting stalking behaviours, it is crucial to recognise the signs and seek help immediately.

Acknowledging that you have a problem is the first and most crucial step. Accepting responsibility for your actions is necessary to begin the process of change.

Consulting a mental health professional is essential. Therapists and counsellors can help you understand your behaviour and develop healthier ways of interacting with others.

• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Helps in identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviours (Cuijpers et al., 2013).
• Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT): Particularly effective for individuals with BPD, focusing on emotion regulation and interpersonal effectiveness (Linehan, 2018).
• Psychodynamic Therapy: Explores underlying unconscious issues that may be contributing to stalking behaviours (Gabbard, 2004).

Support groups provide a space to share experiences and learn from others who have faced similar challenges. These groups can offer support, understanding, and practical advice.

Learning and practising healthy relationship skills is crucial. This includes respecting boundaries, effective communication, and developing empathy.

• Books and Workshops: Numerous resources are available that focus on developing healthy interpersonal skills.
• Online Courses: Websites like Coursera and Udemy offer courses on emotional intelligence and relationship management.

Identify situations or triggers that lead to stalking behaviours and find ways to avoid them. This might include changing routines, limiting exposure to certain people or environments, and practising stress management techniques.

Surround yourself with supportive and understanding people who can offer guidance and hold you accountable. This network can include friends, family members, and mentors.

Stalking is a criminal offence. Understanding the legal consequences of your actions can serve as a powerful motivator to change. Engaging in stalking behaviour can lead to restraining orders, criminal charges, and significant legal penalties (McEwan et al., 2009).

Learn to respect the boundaries set by others. This is not only a legal requirement but also an ethical obligation. Understanding and respecting boundaries is fundamental to forming healthy relationships.

Understanding the psychological underpinnings of stalking behaviour is essential in addressing and mitigating its impact. “Baby Reindeer” offers a poignant look into the mind of a stalker and the harrowing experience of the victim, highlighting the need for awareness, support, and effective intervention. By examining cases like Martha’s, we can better comprehend the complexities of stalking and work towards comprehensive strategies for prevention and support.

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
• Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualised as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
• Kamphuis, J. H., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Bartling, S. (2014). The impact of legal intervention on victims of stalking. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8(1), 45-59.
• Mullen, P. E., Pathé, M., Purcell, R., & Stuart, G. W. (2000). Study of stalkers. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(8), 1244-1249.
• New South Wales Government. (2007). Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007 No 80. Retrieved from NSW Legislation.
• Logan, T. K., & Walker, R. (2017). Stalking: A Multidimensional Framework for Assessment and Safety Planning. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(2), 200-222.
• McEwan, T. E., Mullen, P. E., & MacKenzie, R. (2009). A study of the predictors of persistence in stalking situations. Law and Human Behavior, 33(2), 149-158.
• Pathé, M., & Mullen, P. E. (1997). The impact of stalkers on their victims. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), 12-17.
• Sheridan, L., & Grant, T. (2007). Is cyberstalking different? Psychology, Crime & Law, 13(6), 627-640.
• Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2007). The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock of the emerging literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(1), 64-86.
• Thomas, S. D., Purcell, R., Pathe, M., & Mullen, P. E. (2008). Harm associated with stalking victimization. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42(9), 800-806.
• Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Andersson, G., & van Oppen, P. (2008). Psychotherapy for depression in adults: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(6), 909-922.
• Gabbard, G. O. (2004). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: A basic text. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, M. M., & Bohus, M. (2004). Borderline personality disorder. The Lancet, 364(9432), 453-461.
• Linehan, M. M. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Publications.
• McEwan, T. E., Mullen, P. E., & MacKenzie, R. (2009). A study of the predictors of persistence in stalking situations. Law and Human Behavior, 33(2), 149-158.

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