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Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 19/07/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. The question of whether one is a good person is a profound and often complex inquiry that touches on ethics, psychology, and personal values. Determining the answer involves examining one’s behaviour, intentions, and the impact on others. This article explores what it means to be a good person, supported by scientific sources and expert insights, and offers guidance on how to evaluate and improve one’s moral character. Defining Goodness Ethical Frameworks Ethics is the philosophical study of morality, and various ethical frameworks provide different criteria for what constitutes a good person. Some of the primary ethical theories include: Deontological Ethics: Focuses on adherence to moral rules or duties (Kant, 1785). Utilitarianism: Emphasises the outcomes of actions, aiming for the greatest good for the greatest number (Mill, 1861). Virtue Ethics: Centred on the character and virtues of the individual rather than specific actions (Aristotle, 350 BCE). Psychological Perspectives From a psychological perspective, being a good person often involves qualities such as empathy, compassion, honesty, and altruism. These traits contribute to positive social interactions and the well-being of others (Batson, 2011). Self-Evaluation of Moral Character Reflecting on Actions One way to evaluate if you are a good person is by reflecting on your actions and their impact on others. Consider the following questions: Do you act with integrity and honesty? Do you show empathy and compassion towards others? Are your actions consistent with your moral values? Research shows that self-reflection and mindfulness can enhance moral reasoning and ethical behaviour (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). Seeking Feedback Another method of self-evaluation is seeking feedback from others. Ask trusted friends, family members, or colleagues for their perspectives on your behaviour. Constructive feedback can provide valuable insights into how others perceive your actions and character (Korsgaard, 1996). Cultivating Goodness Developing Empathy Empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, is a crucial component of being a good person. Research indicates that empathy can be developed through practices such as active listening, perspective-taking, and mindfulness meditation (Batson, 2011). Practising Altruism Altruism involves selflessly helping others without expecting anything in return. Engaging in altruistic acts, such as volunteering or supporting a friend in need, can enhance your sense of purpose and well-being while positively impacting others (Fehr & Fischbacher, 2003). Building Ethical Habits Developing ethical habits involves making consistent moral choices and practising virtues such as honesty, kindness, and fairness. Setting personal goals and reflecting on your progress can help reinforce these habits over time (Aristotle, 350 BCE). Mindfulness and Self-Awareness Mindfulness practices can increase self-awareness and help you stay aligned with your moral values. Mindfulness meditation, for instance, can enhance emotional regulation, reduce biases, and promote ethical decision-making (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). Challenges to Being a Good Person Cognitive Biases Cognitive biases, such as self-serving bias and confirmation bias, can distort your perception of your actions and character. Being aware of these biases and actively challenging them can help you make more objective assessments of your behaviour (Kahneman, 2011). Social Influences Social pressures and cultural norms can also impact your behaviour and moral decisions. It is essential to critically evaluate these influences and make choices that align with your values rather than conforming to external expectations (Bandura, 2001). Moral Dilemmas Life often presents complex moral dilemmas where the right course of action is not clear-cut. Navigating these situations requires careful consideration of the consequences, ethical principles, and the perspectives of those involved (Rest, 1986). Conclusion Determining whether you are a good person involves a combination of self-reflection, ethical reasoning, and feedback from others. By developing empathy, practising altruism, building ethical habits, and maintaining mindfulness, you can cultivate qualities that contribute to being a good person. It is a continuous journey that requires self-awareness, effort, and a commitment to personal growth. Are You a Good Person? Self-Assessment Test This self-assessment test is designed to help you reflect on your actions, values, and behaviours to evaluate your moral character. Answer the following questions honestly to gain insights into your qualities and areas for improvement. Section 1: Integrity and Honesty Do you tell the truth, even when it is difficult or inconvenient? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you keep promises and follow through on commitments? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you admit your mistakes and take responsibility for them? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Section 2: Empathy and Compassion Do you try to understand and share the feelings of others? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you offer help to others who are in need, without expecting anything in return? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you listen actively and attentively when someone is talking about their problems? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Section 3: Altruism and Generosity Do you volunteer your time or resources to charitable causes? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you perform acts of kindness without seeking recognition or reward? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you put the needs of others before your own when appropriate? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Section 4: Ethical Behaviour and Fairness Do you treat all people with respect, regardless of their background or status? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you make decisions based on what is fair and just, rather than personal gain? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you speak out against injustice and unfairness when you see it? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Section 5: Self-Reflection and Growth Do you regularly reflect on your actions and consider how they align with your values? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you seek feedback from others to improve your behaviour and character? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Do you set personal goals to become a better person and work towards them? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Scoring Your Self-Assessment Always:

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 19/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Kids Helpline is Australia’s only free, confidential 24/7 online and phone counselling service specifically for young people aged 5 to 25. Established in 1991 by yourtown (formerly BoysTown), this essential service has been a lifeline for countless children and young people facing a wide range of issues. This article explores the history, services, impact, and significance of Kids Helpline, supported by scientific sources and expert insights. History and Mission Establishment Kids Helpline was established in 1991 by yourtown, a not-for-profit organisation dedicated to helping young people and their families. The service was created to provide a safe and accessible platform for children and young people to discuss their problems and seek support from professional counsellors (yourtown, 2023). Mission The mission of Kids Helpline is to provide free, confidential, and accessible counselling services to young Australians, helping them to overcome challenges, build resilience, and improve their mental health and well-being. The service aims to ensure that no young person feels alone or unsupported during difficult times (Kids Helpline, 2023). Services Offered 24/7 Counselling Kids Helpline offers 24/7 counselling services through various platforms: Phone Counselling Young people can call Kids Helpline at any time to speak with a professional counsellor. The service is free, confidential, and available nationwide. Counsellors provide immediate support, listen to concerns, and offer practical advice and referrals to other services if needed (Kids Helpline, 2023). Online Chat and Email Counselling For those who prefer digital communication, Kids Helpline offers online chat and email counselling. These services provide the same level of support as phone counselling, allowing young people to choose the method that feels most comfortable and convenient for them (Kids Helpline, 2023). Issues Addressed Kids Helpline counsellors are trained to support young people with a wide range of issues, including: Mental Health: Anxiety, depression, stress, and other mental health concerns. Bullying: Support for victims of bullying and strategies for dealing with bullies. Family and Relationships: Help with family conflicts, relationship problems, and peer pressure. School and Education: Guidance on school-related stress, academic performance, and study habits. Abuse and Trauma: Support for young people who have experienced physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Suicide and Self-Harm: Immediate intervention and ongoing support for young people at risk of self-harm or suicide (yourtown, 2023). Impact and Effectiveness Reach and Accessibility Kids Helpline has a significant reach across Australia, providing support to young people from diverse backgrounds and regions. The service’s accessibility through phone and digital platforms ensures that help is available to all young Australians, regardless of their location or circumstances (Kids Helpline, 2023). Positive Outcomes Research indicates that services like Kids Helpline are effective in providing immediate emotional support and reducing distress among young people. A study by Burns et al. (2010) found that telephone counselling services significantly decreased feelings of loneliness and improved mental health outcomes for young callers. Community Engagement Kids Helpline engages in community education and outreach to raise awareness about mental health issues and promote the availability of their services. This includes partnerships with schools, community organisations, and other stakeholders to create a supportive environment for young people (yourtown, 2023). Challenges and Future Directions Meeting Growing Demand One of the primary challenges for Kids Helpline is meeting the growing demand for their services. The increasing prevalence of mental health issues among young people requires ongoing investment in resources and staffing to ensure that all calls and online requests can be answered promptly (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2020). Enhancing Digital Services With the rising use of digital technology, Kids Helpline is continuously working to enhance its online services. This includes improving the functionality and accessibility of their online chat and email counselling platforms, as well as exploring new digital tools to support young people’s mental health (Rickwood et al., 2019). Addressing Diverse Needs Ensuring that Kids Helpline can effectively support young people from diverse backgrounds, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth, culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities, and LGBTQIA+ individuals, is essential. Tailored resources and culturally competent counselling are crucial for meeting the unique needs of these groups (Dudgeon et al., 2016). Conclusion Kids Helpline is a critical service that plays a vital role in supporting the mental health and well-being of young Australians. Through its free, confidential, and accessible counselling services, Kids Helpline provides immediate support and practical advice to young people facing a wide range of challenges. As mental health issues continue to rise among young people, the ongoing expansion and enhancement of Kids Helpline’s services will be crucial in ensuring that all young Australians have access to the support they need to thrive. References Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Australia’s children. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-children Burns, J. M., Durkin, L. A., & Nicholas, J. (2010). Mental health of young people in the United States: What role can the internet play in reducing stigma and promoting mental health? Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(4), 305-310. Dudgeon, P., Milroy, H., & Walker, R. (Eds.). (2016). Working Together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health and Wellbeing Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Kids Helpline. (2023). About Kids Helpline. Retrieved from https://kidshelpline.com.au/about Rickwood, D., Mazzer, K. R., & Telford, N. R. (2019). Social influences on seeking help from mental health services, in-person and online, during adolescence and young adulthood. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 1-11. yourtown. (2023). Kids Helpline Services. Retrieved from https://www.yourtown.com.au/programs/kids-helpline How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 02/03/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Anxiety is a common mental health condition characterised by excessive worry, fear, and apprehension. While it is normal to experience anxiety in response to stress, persistent and intense anxiety can significantly impact daily life and well-being. This article explores the various symptoms of anxiety, their causes, and the importance of seeking help, supported by scientific research and expert insights. Understanding Anxiety Definition Anxiety is defined as an emotion characterised by feelings of tension, worried thoughts, and physical changes such as increased blood pressure (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Anxiety disorders encompass a range of conditions, including generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias. Prevalence Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (2017), approximately 3.6% of the global population suffers from anxiety disorders, with higher prevalence rates reported in women than men. Common Symptoms of Anxiety Emotional Symptoms Excessive Worry: Persistent and uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, such as health, work, and relationships. This worry is often disproportionate to the actual situation (Craske & Stein, 2016). Fear and Apprehension: Intense feelings of fear or dread, often without a clear or immediate threat. This can lead to avoidance behaviours and social withdrawal (Stein & Sareen, 2015). Restlessness: A constant feeling of being on edge or unable to relax. This can manifest as irritability and difficulty concentrating (Bandelow et al., 2017). Physical Symptoms Increased Heart Rate: Palpitations or a racing heart, often described as a pounding sensation in the chest (Bystritsky et al., 2013). Sweating: Excessive sweating, particularly in situations that trigger anxiety (Gorman, 2004). Trembling or Shaking: Visible shaking or internal tremors, which can be distressing and noticeable to others (Bystritsky et al., 2013). Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or a sensation of being smothered, which can lead to hyperventilation (Craske & Stein, 2016). Muscle Tension: Persistent tension, stiffness, or aches in the muscles, particularly in the neck, shoulders, and back (Gorman, 2004). Gastrointestinal Issues: Nausea, stomach cramps, or digestive problems, often referred to as “butterflies” in the stomach (Craske & Stein, 2016). Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or exhausted, even without significant physical exertion (Bandelow et al., 2017). Cognitive Symptoms Racing Thoughts: An overwhelming stream of thoughts that can be difficult to control or quiet, often focused on worst-case scenarios (Stein & Sareen, 2015). Difficulty Concentrating: Trouble focusing or staying on task, with a mind that frequently wanders to anxious thoughts (Bandelow et al., 2017). Memory Problems: Difficulty remembering details or retaining information, particularly when under stress (Bystritsky et al., 2013). Behavioural Symptoms Avoidance: Deliberately avoiding situations or activities that trigger anxiety, which can lead to significant life limitations (Stein & Sareen, 2015). Compulsive Behaviours: Engaging in repetitive actions or rituals to manage anxiety, often seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Social Withdrawal: Avoiding social interactions or isolating oneself to prevent anxiety-provoking situations (Craske & Stein, 2016). Causes of Anxiety Genetic Factors Research indicates that anxiety disorders can run in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Twin studies have shown that genetics account for about 30-40% of the variance in anxiety disorders (Hettema et al., 2001). Environmental Factors Environmental factors, such as traumatic experiences, chronic stress, and significant life changes, can contribute to the development of anxiety disorders (Kessler et al., 2005). Early childhood experiences, such as neglect or abuse, can also increase the risk of anxiety later in life (McLaughlin et al., 2012). Neurobiological Factors Abnormalities in brain chemistry and function, particularly involving neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, are associated with anxiety disorders. The amygdala and hippocampus, brain regions involved in processing emotions and memory, also play a role in anxiety (Nutt et al., 2006). Importance of Seeking Help Early Intervention Early intervention is crucial for effectively managing anxiety. Untreated anxiety disorders can lead to more severe mental health issues, such as depression and substance abuse, and can negatively impact physical health (Craske & Stein, 2016). Treatment Options Several effective treatments are available for anxiety disorders, including: Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT): A form of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviours associated with anxiety (Hofmann et al., 2012). Medications: Antidepressants (such as SSRIs and SNRIs) and benzodiazepines can be prescribed to help manage anxiety symptoms (Baldwin et al., 2011). Lifestyle Changes: Regular exercise, a healthy diet, adequate sleep, and stress management techniques, such as mindfulness and relaxation exercises, can significantly reduce anxiety symptoms (Salmon, 2001). Support Systems Having a strong support system of family, friends, and mental health professionals can make a significant difference in managing anxiety. Support groups and online communities can also provide valuable resources and encouragement (Bandelow et al., 2017). Conclusion Anxiety is a common and treatable condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Recognising the symptoms of anxiety and understanding its causes are essential steps towards seeking help and improving quality of life. With early intervention, appropriate treatment, and a strong support system, individuals with anxiety can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Bandelow, B., Bond, A., Davidson, J. R., … & Wittchen, H. U. (2011). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(4), 310-335. Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(2), 93-107. Bystritsky, A., Khalsa, S. S., Cameron, M. E., & Schiffman, J. (2013). Current diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 38(1), 30-57. Craske, M. G., & Stein, M. B. (2016). Anxiety. The Lancet, 388(10063), 3048-3059. Gorman,

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 10/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Anorexia nervosa, commonly referred to as anorexia, is a serious mental health disorder characterised by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and severe food restriction. It has profound physical and psychological implications, affecting individuals’ overall health and well-being. This article explores the complex interplay between anorexia and mental health, highlighting the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, supported by scientific sources and expert insights. Understanding Anorexia Nervosa Definition and Prevalence Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that primarily affects adolescents and young adults, with a higher prevalence among females. It is characterised by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and behaviours that result in significantly low body weight (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Types of Anorexia Nervosa There are two subtypes of anorexia nervosa: Restricting Type: Individuals achieve weight loss through dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Binge-Eating/Purging Type: Individuals engage in binge eating followed by purging behaviours such as vomiting, laxative abuse, or excessive exercise (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Causes of Anorexia Nervosa Biological Factors Research suggests a genetic predisposition to anorexia nervosa. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of eating disorders are at a higher risk of developing the condition. Neurobiological factors, such as abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitter function, also play a role (Kaye et al., 2009). Psychological Factors Psychological factors, including low self-esteem, perfectionism, and obsessive-compulsive traits, are significant contributors to anorexia nervosa. These individuals often have a distorted perception of their body image and an intense fear of gaining weight (Fairburn et al., 2003). Sociocultural Factors Sociocultural influences, such as societal pressure to conform to unrealistic body standards and the glorification of thinness, contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa. Media portrayals and cultural norms emphasising thinness as an ideal body type can exacerbate body dissatisfaction and drive disordered eating behaviours (Levine & Piran, 2001). Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa Physical Symptoms Significant Weight Loss: Rapid and severe weight loss leading to a body weight significantly below the normal range. Amenorrhea: The absence of menstruation in females due to extreme weight loss. Fatigue and Weakness: Persistent tiredness and lack of energy. Lanugo: Development of fine hair on the face and body as the body attempts to keep warm. Gastrointestinal Issues: Constipation, abdominal pain, and bloating (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Psychological Symptoms Distorted Body Image: An intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of body size and shape. Obsessive Thoughts: Preoccupation with food, dieting, and body weight. Social Withdrawal: Avoidance of social situations involving food and a general withdrawal from social activities. Mood Swings: Irritability, depression, and anxiety (Fairburn et al., 2003). The Impact of Anorexia on Mental Health Co-occurring Mental Health Disorders Anorexia nervosa often co-occurs with other mental health disorders, including: Depression: High rates of major depressive disorder are observed in individuals with anorexia. Anxiety Disorders: Including generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Substance Use Disorders: Some individuals may turn to substance use as a coping mechanism (Hudson et al., 2007). Cognitive and Emotional Effects Anorexia nervosa has profound cognitive and emotional effects. The malnutrition associated with anorexia affects brain function, leading to difficulties in concentration, memory, and decision-making. Emotionally, individuals may experience heightened irritability, mood swings, and a pervasive sense of hopelessness (Treasure et al., 2010). Social and Interpersonal Impact The social and interpersonal impact of anorexia can be devastating. Individuals often isolate themselves from friends and family due to their preoccupation with food and body image. This isolation can lead to strained relationships and a lack of social support, further exacerbating the disorder (Levine & Piran, 2001). Treatment Options for Anorexia Nervosa Psychological Therapies Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT is the most widely used and effective treatment for anorexia nervosa. It focuses on changing distorted thoughts and behaviours related to food, body image, and weight (Fairburn, 2008). Family-Based Therapy (FBT): FBT involves the family in the treatment process and is particularly effective for adolescents. It empowers parents to help their child regain control over their eating habits (Lock & Le Grange, 2015). Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT): DBT helps individuals manage intense emotions and reduce self-destructive behaviours by teaching coping skills and mindfulness (Salbach-Andrae et al., 2008). Medical and Nutritional Interventions Medical Monitoring: Regular medical check-ups are essential to monitor and address the physical health complications associated with anorexia nervosa. Nutritional Rehabilitation: Working with a dietitian to develop a balanced eating plan that ensures adequate nutrition and gradual weight restoration is crucial (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Medications While there are no medications specifically approved for treating anorexia nervosa, certain medications may be prescribed to address co-occurring mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to manage these symptoms (Fleischhacker, 2012). Hospitalisation and Inpatient Treatment In severe cases of anorexia nervosa, hospitalisation or inpatient treatment may be necessary. This is particularly true when there are life-threatening complications, severe malnutrition, or when outpatient treatment has been ineffective. Inpatient treatment provides a structured environment for intensive medical and psychological care (Mehler & Brown, 2015). Conclusion Anorexia nervosa is a complex and serious mental health disorder with profound physical and psychological implications. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for addressing this condition effectively. With appropriate psychological therapies, medical interventions, and support, individuals with anorexia nervosa can work towards recovery and improve their overall well-being. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. Fairburn, C. G. (2008). Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders. Guilford Press. Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 509-528. Fleischhacker, W. W. (2012). Treatment of co-occurring depression

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 22/09/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Making a day to rest, such as on a Sunday, can have significant benefits for mental health. Rest days provide an opportunity to recharge, reflect, and prepare for the upcoming week. This article explores the mental health benefits of resting on Sundays, supported by scientific sources and expert insights, and offers practical tips for making the most of your rest day. The Importance of Rest for Mental Health Psychological Benefits Rest days are crucial for maintaining mental well-being. They allow the mind to recover from the stress and demands of the week. Regular rest can reduce anxiety and depression, improve mood, and enhance overall mental health (Hubbard et al., 2018). Physical Health Impact Rest is also essential for physical health, which is closely linked to mental health. Chronic stress and lack of rest can lead to physical health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and weakened immune function. Taking a rest day helps reduce stress hormones like cortisol, promoting better physical health (Kivimäki et al., 2020). Enhanced Productivity Contrary to the belief that constant work leads to higher productivity, taking regular rest can improve efficiency and creativity. A day off allows for mental and physical rejuvenation, leading to increased focus and productivity during the workweek (Parker et al., 2020). Why Sunday? Cultural and Religious Significance Sunday has traditionally been a day of rest in many cultures and religions. For instance, Christianity considers Sunday the Sabbath, a day for rest and worship. This cultural context can make Sunday an ideal day for rest and reflection (Chittister, 1992). Practical Scheduling For many people, Sunday is the most practical day for rest due to the standard Monday-to-Friday workweek. Resting on Sunday helps to prepare mentally and physically for the upcoming week, providing a natural transition between the weekend and the workweek (Bloom et al., 2017). Tips for Making the Most of Your Rest Day Disconnect from Work One of the most effective ways to rest is to disconnect from work-related activities. Avoid checking work emails or thinking about work tasks. This helps create a clear boundary between work and personal time, essential for mental health (Derks et al., 2016). Engage in Relaxing Activities Engage in activities that you find relaxing and enjoyable. This could include reading, walking in nature, practising mindfulness or meditation, or spending time with loved ones. Relaxing activities help lower stress levels and improve mood (Fredrickson, 2001). Prioritise Sleep Ensure you get adequate sleep on your rest day. Good sleep is fundamental to mental and physical health. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep to feel rested and rejuvenated (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015). Reflect and Plan Use part of your rest day to reflect on the past week and plan for the upcoming one. Reflection can provide insights into areas where you might need to adjust your approach to maintain balance and well-being. Planning helps reduce anxiety about the week ahead (Schacter et al., 2012). Physical Activity While rest is essential, incorporating light physical activity can also be beneficial. Activities such as yoga, stretching, or a leisurely walk can promote relaxation and improve physical health without being overly strenuous (Reed & Buck, 2009). Limit Screen Time Reducing screen time, especially time spent on social media, can significantly enhance your rest day. Excessive screen time has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. Instead, focus on activities that do not involve screens (Lin et al., 2016). Conclusion Resting on a Sunday offers numerous mental health benefits, including reduced stress, improved mood, and enhanced productivity. By disconnecting from work, engaging in relaxing activities, prioritising sleep, reflecting, and limiting screen time, you can make the most of your rest day. Embracing a regular day of rest can be a powerful tool for maintaining mental and physical health, preparing you for the challenges of the upcoming week. References Bloom, P., Fadok, E. L., & Christakis, N. A. (2017). The Sabbath: A brief history. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 84(4), 857-881. Chittister, J. D. (1992). Wisdom Distilled from the Daily: Living the Rule of St. Benedict Today. HarperCollins. Derks, D., van Mierlo, H., & Schmitz, E. B. (2016). A diary study on work-related smartphone use, psychological detachment and exhaustion: Examining the role of the perceived segmentation norm. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(4), 427-440. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., … & Ware, J. C. (2015). National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary. Sleep Health, 1(1), 40-43. Hubbard, G., Dennison, E., & Roy, S. (2018). The relationship between meaningful activity and the psychological and physical well-being of older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 86(3), 263-279. Kivimäki, M., Steptoe, A., & Ferrie, J. E. (2020). How can we prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing stress? Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(19), 2316-2318. Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., … & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323-331. Parker, S. K., Jimmieson, N. L., & Amiot, C. E. (2020). Persisting with or relinquishing the daily grind: The role of leader autonomy support and employee well-being on individual performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(8), 733-748. Reed, J., & Buck, S. (2009). The effect of regular aerobic exercise on positive-activated affect: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(6), 581-594. Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012). Episodic future thinking: Mechanisms and functions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 17(2), 203-210. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with children, but it can persist into adulthood, affecting various aspects of life, including work, relationships, and self-esteem. This article explores the symptoms of ADHD in adults, their impact, and the importance of seeking help, supported by scientific research and expert insights. Understanding ADHD Definition ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. The symptoms of ADHD must be present before the age of 12 and cause significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Prevalence ADHD is estimated to affect approximately 2.5% of adults worldwide. In Australia, the prevalence of adult ADHD is similar, with many individuals remaining undiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to the misconception that ADHD is only a childhood disorder (Simon, Czobor, Bálint, Mészáros, & Bitter, 2009). Symptoms of ADHD in Adults Inattention Adults with ADHD often struggle with attention and focus. Symptoms of inattention may include: Difficulty Sustaining Attention: Struggling to stay focused on tasks or activities, particularly those that are repetitive or boring (Barkley, 2015). Careless Mistakes: Making frequent errors in work or other activities due to a lack of attention to detail (Kooij et al., 2010). Poor Organisation: Difficulty managing tasks, keeping track of items, and organising responsibilities (Biederman, 2005). Forgetfulness: Frequently forgetting appointments, commitments, or daily responsibilities (Weiss & Murray, 2003). Avoidance of Tasks: Procrastinating or avoiding tasks that require sustained mental effort, such as completing reports or studying for exams (Barkley, 2015). Hyperactivity While hyperactivity tends to be less pronounced in adults than in children, it can still manifest in various ways: Restlessness: Feeling an inner sense of restlessness or being unable to relax (Kooij et al., 2010). Excessive Talking: Talking excessively or having difficulty engaging in quiet activities (Biederman, 2005). Fidgeting: Frequently fidgeting with hands or feet or squirming in one’s seat (Weiss & Murray, 2003). Difficulty Sitting Still: Finding it challenging to remain seated in situations where it is expected, such as during meetings or lectures (Barkley, 2015). Impulsivity Impulsivity in adults with ADHD can lead to hasty actions and difficulties in self-regulation: Impulsive Decisions: Making quick decisions without considering the consequences, such as impulsive spending or changing jobs frequently (Barkley, 2015). Interrupting Others: Frequently interrupting conversations or finishing other people’s sentences (Weiss & Murray, 2003). Difficulty Waiting: Struggling to wait in lines or wait for one’s turn in situations like group discussions or games (Kooij et al., 2010). Emotional Outbursts: Having sudden and intense emotional reactions that are disproportionate to the situation (Biederman, 2005). Impact of ADHD on Adult Life Work and Career Adults with ADHD may experience difficulties in their professional lives, including: Job Performance: Struggling with time management, organisation, and completing tasks can impact job performance and career advancement (Barkley, 2015). Job Stability: Frequent job changes or dismissals due to impulsive decisions or difficulties in maintaining focus and productivity (Kooij et al., 2010). Relationships ADHD can also affect personal relationships, leading to: Communication Issues: Difficulty listening, interrupting, or forgetting important details can strain relationships with partners, family, and friends (Weiss & Murray, 2003). Conflict: Impulsivity and emotional outbursts can lead to frequent arguments and misunderstandings (Biederman, 2005). Self-Esteem and Mental Health The challenges associated with ADHD can contribute to low self-esteem and other mental health issues: Low Self-Esteem: Persistent difficulties and perceived failures can erode self-confidence (Barkley, 2015). Anxiety and Depression: Higher rates of anxiety and depression are observed in adults with ADHD due to the ongoing struggles and stress (Kooij et al., 2010). Importance of Seeking Help Diagnosis Obtaining a proper diagnosis is the first step toward managing ADHD. A comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, typically includes: Clinical Interviews: Gathering information about the individual’s history, symptoms, and impact on daily life (Barkley, 2015). Rating Scales: Using standardised questionnaires to assess the severity of symptoms (Kooij et al., 2010). Collaboration: Involving family members or close friends to provide additional insights and observations (Weiss & Murray, 2003). Treatment Options Several effective treatments are available for managing ADHD in adults: Medication: Stimulant medications (e.g., methylphenidate) and non-stimulant medications (e.g., atomoxetine) can help improve focus and reduce impulsivity (Biederman, 2005). Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals develop strategies to manage symptoms, improve organisational skills, and address negative thought patterns (Safren et al., 2005). Coaching and Support Groups: ADHD coaching and support groups provide practical advice and emotional support for managing daily challenges (Murphy, 2005). Lifestyle Changes Implementing lifestyle changes can also support the management of ADHD symptoms: Healthy Diet: Maintaining a balanced diet to support overall health and brain function (Arnold et al., 2011). Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity to reduce stress and improve concentration (Smith et al., 2013). Structured Routine: Establishing a consistent daily routine to enhance organisation and time management (Weiss & Murray, 2003). Conclusion ADHD in adults is a significant but manageable condition that affects many aspects of life, including work, relationships, and mental health. Recognising the symptoms and seeking appropriate help can lead to effective management and improved quality of life. With a combination of medical treatment, therapy, and lifestyle changes, adults with ADHD can achieve their full potential and lead fulfilling lives. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. Arnold, L. E., Lofthouse, N., & Hurt, E. (2011). Artificial food colors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms: Conclusions to dye for. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 599-609. Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Publications. Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1215-1220. Kooij, J. J. S., Bejerot, S., Blackwell, A., Caci, H., Casas-Brugué, M., Carpentier, P. J., … & Asherson, P. (2010). European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 67. Murphy, K. R. (2005). Psychosocial treatments for ADHD in teens and adults: A practice-friendly review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(5), 607-619. Safren,

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 28/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Many individuals live with psychological disorders that remain undiagnosed, often due to a lack of awareness, stigma, or limited access to mental health care. This article explores some of the most common undiagnosed psychological disorders, their symptoms, and the importance of recognising and addressing these conditions to improve overall well-being. Supported by scientific research and expert insights, this article aims to raise awareness and encourage early detection and intervention. Understanding Undiagnosed Psychological Disorders Psychological disorders are often underdiagnosed due to various factors, including social stigma, lack of awareness, and insufficient mental health resources. These disorders can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, relationships, and productivity. Early detection and treatment are crucial for effective management and improved outcomes (World Health Organization, 2020). Common Undiagnosed Psychological Disorders Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Symptoms Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterised by excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, such as health, work, and social interactions. Common symptoms include: Persistent worry or anxiety Restlessness or feeling on edge Fatigue Difficulty concentrating Irritability Muscle tension Sleep disturbances (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Reasons for Underdiagnosis GAD is often underdiagnosed because its symptoms can be mistaken for everyday stress or physical health issues. Individuals may not seek help, believing their anxiety is a normal part of life or fearing stigma (Bandelow & Michaelis, 2015). Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Symptoms Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) involves persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities. Other symptoms include: Changes in appetite or weight Sleep disturbances Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt Difficulty concentrating or making decisions Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Reasons for Underdiagnosis MDD is often underdiagnosed because individuals may attribute their symptoms to external circumstances or physical health problems. Additionally, stigma and misconceptions about mental illness can prevent people from seeking help (Kessler et al., 2003). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults Symptoms While ADHD is commonly associated with children, it can persist into adulthood. Symptoms of adult ADHD include: Difficulty sustaining attention Hyperactivity or restlessness Impulsivity Disorganisation Poor time management Difficulty completing tasks Frequent mood swings (Barkley, 2011) Reasons for Underdiagnosis Adult ADHD is often underdiagnosed because symptoms can overlap with other disorders or be mistaken for personality traits. Many adults with ADHD may have never been diagnosed in childhood and thus do not recognise their symptoms as part of a disorder (Kooij et al., 2010). Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Bipolar disorder is characterised by extreme mood swings, including episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. Symptoms of mania include: Elevated or irritable mood Increased energy or activity Reduced need for sleep Grandiosity Rapid speech and racing thoughts Impulsivity (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Symptoms of depressive episodes are similar to those of MDD. Reasons for Underdiagnosis Bipolar disorder is often underdiagnosed because its symptoms can be confused with unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, or personality disorders. Misdiagnosis can lead to inappropriate treatment, which may worsen the condition (Hirschfeld et al., 2003). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms PTSD can develop after exposure to a traumatic event. Symptoms include: Intrusive memories or flashbacks Avoidance of reminders of the trauma Negative changes in mood and cognition Hyperarousal (e.g., being easily startled, feeling tense) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Reasons for Underdiagnosis PTSD is often underdiagnosed because individuals may not associate their symptoms with a past trauma or may feel ashamed to discuss their experiences. Misconceptions about what constitutes a traumatic event can also contribute to underdiagnosis (Kessler et al., 2005). Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) Symptoms Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) involves intense fear of social situations where one may be scrutinised by others. Symptoms include: Fear of being judged or embarrassed Avoidance of social interactions Intense anxiety in social situations Physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, or nausea (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Reasons for Underdiagnosis SAD is often underdiagnosed because individuals may view their symptoms as mere shyness or introversion. Additionally, they may avoid seeking help due to fear of social stigma (Stein & Stein, 2008). Importance of Recognising and Addressing Undiagnosed Disorders Impact on Quality of Life Undiagnosed psychological disorders can severely impact an individual’s quality of life, affecting their ability to function at work, maintain relationships, and engage in daily activities. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and overall well-being (World Health Organization, 2020). Reducing Stigma Increasing awareness about psychological disorders and promoting mental health education can help reduce the stigma associated with these conditions. Encouraging open conversations about mental health can lead to more individuals seeking help and receiving appropriate treatment (Corrigan & Watson, 2002). Access to Mental Health Care Improving access to mental health care is crucial for addressing undiagnosed disorders. This includes increasing the availability of mental health professionals, providing affordable treatment options, and integrating mental health services into primary care settings (Patel et al., 2010). Conclusion Undiagnosed psychological disorders are a significant public health concern. Conditions such as Generalised Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, adult ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, PTSD, and Social Anxiety Disorder can profoundly affect individuals’ lives if left untreated. Raising awareness, reducing stigma, and improving access to mental health care are essential steps in addressing this issue and promoting better mental health outcomes for all. Take a quick online self assessment References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 327-335. Barkley, R. A. (2011). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press. Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16-20. Hirschfeld, R. M. A.,

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 01/12/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a client-centred, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence. Developed by clinical psychologists William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the early 1980s, MI has since become a widely used approach in various fields, including mental health, addiction treatment, and healthcare. This article explores the principles, techniques, applications, and effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing, supported by scientific research and expert insights. Principles of Motivational Interviewing Client-Centred Approach Motivational Interviewing is grounded in a client-centred approach, which prioritises the client’s perspective and autonomy. It contrasts with more directive or confrontational styles of counselling by emphasising empathy, respect, and collaboration (Miller & Rollnick, 2012). Four Key Principles Express Empathy: Understanding the client’s feelings and perspectives through reflective listening. Develop Discrepancy: Helping clients see the gap between their current behaviour and their broader goals or values. Roll with Resistance: Avoiding direct confrontation and instead working with the client’s resistance. Support Self-Efficacy: Encouraging the client’s belief in their ability to change (Miller & Rollnick, 2012). Techniques of Motivational Interviewing OARS: Core Communication Skills The OARS technique forms the backbone of MI’s communication skills: Open-Ended Questions: Encouraging clients to explore their thoughts and feelings without limiting their responses. Affirmations: Recognising the client’s strengths and efforts to build confidence. Reflective Listening: Echoing the client’s words to demonstrate understanding and validate their experiences. Summarising: Reiterating key points of the conversation to reinforce understanding and highlight progress (Miller & Rollnick, 2012). Change Talk Change talk involves eliciting and reinforcing the client’s own arguments for change. It includes: Desire: Statements about wanting to change. Ability: Statements about capability to change. Reasons: Statements about the reasons for change. Need: Statements about the necessity of change (Miller & Rollnick, 2012). Applications of Motivational Interviewing Addiction Treatment MI is extensively used in addiction treatment to address ambivalence about substance use and to enhance motivation for recovery. Studies have shown that MI can effectively reduce alcohol and drug use (Lundahl et al., 2010). Healthcare In healthcare settings, MI is used to promote behaviour change in areas such as smoking cessation, diet, and physical activity. It helps patients take an active role in their health management (Rubak et al., 2005). Mental Health MI is applied in mental health treatment to address issues like depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. It supports clients in exploring and committing to changes that improve their mental well-being (Arkowitz et al., 2015). Criminal Justice MI is also used in the criminal justice system to encourage offenders to engage in rehabilitative programs and reduce recidivism. It helps build motivation for positive behavioural change (McMurran, 2009). Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing Research Evidence Research supports the effectiveness of MI across various settings and populations. A meta-analysis of 72 clinical trials found that MI significantly improved outcomes in areas such as substance abuse, diet, exercise, and mental health (Lundahl et al., 2010). Comparison with Other Approaches MI has been found to be as effective, and in some cases more effective, than traditional counselling approaches. It is particularly beneficial for clients who are initially resistant to change, as it reduces defensiveness and fosters collaboration (Hettema et al., 2005). Long-Term Benefits MI not only facilitates immediate behaviour change but also promotes long-term maintenance of these changes. Clients who engage in MI are more likely to sustain their new behaviours over time (Miller & Rose, 2009). Conclusion Motivational Interviewing is a powerful and versatile approach that effectively enhances motivation and supports behaviour change. Its client-centred, empathetic, and collaborative nature makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, from addiction treatment to healthcare and beyond. With a robust evidence base supporting its efficacy, MI continues to be a valuable tool for practitioners aiming to help clients achieve meaningful and lasting change. References Arkowitz, H., Westra, H. A., Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (Eds.). (2015). Motivational Interviewing in the Treatment of Psychological Problems. Guilford Press. Hettema, J., Steele, J., & Miller, W. R. (2005). Motivational interviewing. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 91-111. Lundahl, B., Kunz, C., Brownell, C., Tollefson, D., & Burke, B. L. (2010). A meta-analysis of Motivational Interviewing: Twenty-five years of empirical studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 20(2), 137-160. McMurran, M. (2009). Motivational interviewing with offenders: A systematic review. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14(1), 83-100. Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2012). Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change (3rd ed.). Guilford Press. Miller, W. R., & Rose, G. S. (2009). Toward a theory of motivational interviewing. American Psychologist, 64(6), 527-537. Rubak, S., Sandbaek, A., Lauritzen, T., & Christensen, B. (2005). Motivational interviewing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of General Practice, 55(513), 305-312.