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Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 22/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Burnout is a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged exposure to stressors in the workplace. It can significantly impact an individual’s health, well-being, and performance. Understanding the signs of burnout is crucial for early intervention and effective management. This article explores the symptoms of burnout, its causes, and strategies to prevent and address it, supported by scientific research and expert insights. Understanding Burnout Definition Burnout is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an occupational phenomenon resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. It is characterised by three key dimensions: feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion, increased mental distance from one’s job or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one’s job, and reduced professional efficacy (WHO, 2019). Prevalence Burnout is a common issue affecting employees across various industries. A survey conducted by the Australian Psychological Society (2019) reported that approximately one in five Australians experience high levels of workplace stress, which can lead to burnout if not addressed. Signs of Burnout Physical Symptoms Exhaustion: Persistent fatigue that does not improve with rest. This can manifest as a constant feeling of tiredness and a lack of energy to perform daily tasks (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Sleep Disturbances: Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restorative sleep. Insomnia or oversleeping are common signs of burnout (Melamed et al., 2006). Frequent Illness: Lowered immunity leading to frequent colds, infections, or other illnesses. Chronic stress can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to health problems (Dhabhar, 2014). Headaches and Muscle Pain: Persistent headaches, back pain, and muscle tension, often resulting from physical stress and prolonged periods of sitting or poor posture (Shariat et al., 2019). Emotional Symptoms Emotional Exhaustion: A feeling of being emotionally drained and depleted, with an inability to cope with daily demands (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Increased Irritability: Heightened sensitivity to stress, leading to irritability, frustration, and anger over minor issues (Shirom, 2003). Sense of Failure: Persistent feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt, and a lack of accomplishment, often despite evident achievements (Schaufeli & Enzmann, 1998). Detachment: Feeling disconnected or detached from work and personal life, often accompanied by a sense of isolation (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Cognitive Symptoms Difficulty Concentrating: Struggling to focus, make decisions, or complete tasks efficiently. Cognitive impairment is a common symptom of burnout (Sonnentag et al., 2010). Memory Problems: Experiencing forgetfulness and difficulty retaining information, often related to the overwhelming stress and mental fatigue (Sandström et al., 2005). Behavioural Symptoms Reduced Performance: A noticeable decline in work performance, productivity, and the quality of output (Leiter & Maslach, 2005). Withdrawal from Responsibilities: Avoiding work-related tasks, meetings, and social interactions due to a lack of motivation and energy (Schaufeli & Enzmann, 1998). Procrastination: Delaying tasks and responsibilities, often due to feeling overwhelmed and unable to manage the workload (Taris et al., 2017). Increased Absenteeism: Frequent sick days or unplanned leave as a means of escaping work-related stress (Bakker et al., 2004). Causes of Burnout Work-Related Factors Work Overload: Excessive workload and unrealistic deadlines can lead to chronic stress and burnout (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Lack of Control: Limited autonomy and control over work tasks and decisions can contribute to feelings of helplessness and burnout (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). Insufficient Rewards: Lack of recognition, rewards, and support from supervisors and colleagues can diminish motivation and increase burnout risk (Maslach et al., 2001). Poor Work-Life Balance: Difficulty balancing work demands with personal life responsibilities can exacerbate stress and lead to burnout (Hobfoll & Shirom, 2001). Personal Factors Perfectionism: High personal standards and perfectionistic tendencies can increase vulnerability to burnout (Stoeber & Rennert, 2008). Lack of Social Support: Insufficient support from family, friends, and colleagues can leave individuals feeling isolated and overwhelmed (Leiter & Maslach, 2005). Coping Style: Ineffective coping mechanisms, such as avoidance or denial, can hinder stress management and contribute to burnout (Shirom, 2003). Addressing and Preventing Burnout Strategies for Individuals Self-Care: Prioritising physical and mental health through regular exercise, healthy eating, sufficient sleep, and relaxation techniques (Salmon, 2001). Setting Boundaries: Establishing clear boundaries between work and personal life to ensure adequate time for rest and leisure (Hobfoll & Shirom, 2001). Seeking Support: Reaching out to friends, family, and mental health professionals for emotional and practical support (Leiter & Maslach, 2005). Developing Resilience: Building resilience through mindfulness, stress management techniques, and positive thinking (Richardson, 2002). Strategies for Employers Promoting Work-Life Balance: Encouraging flexible work arrangements and providing resources to support employees in balancing work and personal responsibilities (Kossek et al., 2011). Reducing Workload: Ensuring that workloads are manageable and that employees have the resources they need to complete their tasks (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Providing Recognition and Rewards: Acknowledging and rewarding employees’ efforts and achievements to enhance motivation and job satisfaction (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). Fostering a Supportive Work Environment: Creating a positive workplace culture that encourages open communication, collaboration, and support among employees (Maslach et al., 2001). Conclusion Burnout is a serious issue that affects many individuals in the workplace. By recognising the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural signs of burnout, individuals can take steps to manage their stress levels and improve their overall well-being. Employers also play a critical role in preventing burnout by creating supportive work environments and promoting a healthy work-life balance. Through early intervention and appropriate strategies, burnout can be effectively managed, leading to a more productive and satisfied workforce. By understanding and addressing burnout, both individuals and organisations can foster a healthier, more sustainable approach to work and life. References Australian Psychological Society. (2019). Stress and wellbeing: How Australians are coping with life. Retrieved from https://www.psychology.org.au Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., de Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors

A healthy relationship is based on mutual respect, trust, and support. However, some relationships can become toxic, negatively impacting one’s mental, emotional, and even physical health. Recognising the signs of a toxic relationship is crucial for safeguarding your wellbeing and seeking necessary changes. This article explores the key indicators of a toxic relationship, supported by scientific research. Keywords: signs of a toxic relationship, toxic relationship, relationship red flags, mental health, emotional abuse, Australian mental health Defining a Toxic Relationship A toxic relationship is one where the negative behaviours and attitudes of one or both partners cause emotional damage to the other. Such relationships can be found in various contexts, including romantic relationships, friendships, and family dynamics. Toxic relationships are characterised by patterns of behaviour that are harmful and detrimental to one’s mental health and overall wellbeing (Glass, 1995). Key Signs of a Toxic Relationship 1. Lack of Trust Trust is a cornerstone of any healthy relationship. In a toxic relationship, there is often a persistent lack of trust. This can manifest as: Constant Suspicion: One partner consistently doubts the other’s actions and intentions without reasonable cause. Jealousy: Excessive and unfounded jealousy that leads to controlling behaviours (Fitness, 2001). 2. Poor Communication Healthy relationships thrive on open and honest communication. In toxic relationships, communication is often problematic: Criticism and Blame: Frequent blaming and criticism that undermine the partner’s self-esteem. Stonewalling: Refusal to communicate, which can escalate conflicts and create emotional distance (Gottman & Silver, 1999). 3. Controlling Behaviour One partner exerts excessive control over the other’s life, decisions, and activities: Isolation: Isolating the partner from friends, family, and support networks. Manipulation: Using guilt, threats, or coercion to control the partner’s behaviour (Wright, 2017). 4. Disrespect and Disregard In a toxic relationship, there is often a lack of respect and consideration: Disrespectful Behaviour: Frequent insults, belittling, and humiliation. Ignoring Boundaries: Disregarding the partner’s personal boundaries and needs (Johnson, 2008). 5. Emotional Abuse Emotional abuse is a significant indicator of a toxic relationship and can be as damaging as physical abuse: Gaslighting: Manipulating the partner into doubting their own perceptions and sanity. Intimidation: Using threats or aggressive behaviour to instil fear (Stark, 2007). 6. Constant Stress and Anxiety A toxic relationship often leaves one feeling perpetually stressed and anxious: Hypervigilance: Always being on edge, anticipating the next conflict or outburst. Emotional Drain: Feeling emotionally exhausted and depleted from the relationship (Hogan, Halvorsen, & Johnston, 2009). 7. Lack of Support A healthy relationship involves mutual support and encouragement. In a toxic relationship, one partner often fails to support the other: Undermining Goals: Discouraging or sabotaging the partner’s personal or professional goals. Neglecting Needs: Ignoring the emotional and practical needs of the partner (Beach et al., 2003). Impact of Toxic Relationships on Mental Health Toxic relationships can have severe implications for mental health, leading to issues such as: Depression and Anxiety: Increased risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders. Low Self-Esteem: Persistent negative feedback can erode self-worth and confidence. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): In cases of severe emotional or physical abuse, PTSD can develop (Dutton et al., 2006). Steps to Address a Toxic Relationship Recognising the signs of a toxic relationship is the first step towards making positive changes. Here are some steps to consider: Self-Reflection: Assess the relationship and its impact on your wellbeing. Seek Support: Talk to trusted friends, family members, or a mental health professional. Set Boundaries: Clearly communicate your boundaries and needs to your partner. Consider Professional Help: Couples therapy or individual counselling can provide strategies to address relationship issues. Make a Decision: If the relationship is beyond repair, consider ending it to protect your mental health (Nicholson & Biebel, 2002). Conclusion Identifying the signs of a toxic relationship is crucial for maintaining your mental and emotional health. Trust, communication, respect, and support are fundamental elements of a healthy relationship. If you recognise these red flags in your relationship, seeking help and making necessary changes can lead to a healthier and more fulfilling life. Remember, prioritising your wellbeing is essential. References Beach, S. R. H., Whisman, M. A., & O’Leary, K. D. (2003). Marital therapy for depression: Theoretical foundation, current status, and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 34(4), 395-419. Dutton, M. A., Green, B. L., Kaltman, S. I., Roesch, D. M., Zeffiro, T. A., & Krause, E. D. (2006). Intimate partner violence, PTSD, and adverse health outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(7), 955-968. Fitness, J. (2001). Betrayal, rejection, revenge, and forgiveness: An interpersonal script approach. Interpersonal Rejection, 73-103. Glass, L. L. (1995). Not “Just Friends”: Rebuilding Trust and Recovering Your Sanity After Infidelity. Atria Books. Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (1999). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. Harmony Books. Hogan, R., Halvorsen, M., & Johnston, R. (2009). Personality and individual differences in stress and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 850-854. Johnson, S. M. (2008). Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love. Little, Brown Spark. Nicholson, J., & Biebel, K. (2002). Commentary: The forms and functions of real-life support for people coping with mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1461-1472. Stark, E. (2007). Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life. Oxford University Press. Wright, J. (2017). Gaslighting: The Narcissist’s Favorite Tool of Manipulation. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 20/06/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Aging is a natural part of life, but for many, the thought of growing older can bring anxiety, particularly when coupled with concerns about declining health and the potential for injuries. As life expectancy increases and older populations grow, understanding and addressing these anxieties becomes paramount. This article dives into the worries surrounding aging, health deterioration, and injuries, and offers strategies to manage and mitigate these concerns. The Roots of Anxiety: Aging, Health, and Injuries Perception of Time: As we age, our perception of time seems to accelerate, making life’s impermanence more palpable. This can lead to anxieties about making the most of one’s time and facing the inevitability of aging. Physical Changes: Noticeable physical changes, like graying hair, wrinkles, and reduced mobility, can trigger feelings of vulnerability and fears about diminished attractiveness or self-worth. Health Decline: The increasing likelihood of health issues, ranging from minor ailments to chronic diseases, can be a source of significant anxiety. Many fear dependence on others, loss of autonomy, and the potential financial burdens of medical care. Injury Risks: As our bodies become less resilient, the risk of injuries from falls or other accidents grows. These potential injuries can lead to reduced mobility, chronic pain, and a diminished quality of life. Strategies to Alleviate Anxiety Educate and Plan: Knowledge is a powerful antidote to fear. Understanding the aging process, potential health issues, and injury risks can demystify them. Planning for potential health care needs, setting aside funds, or considering health insurance can reduce financial anxieties. Stay Active: Regular exercise not only boosts physical health but also mental well-being. Strength training, balance exercises, and flexibility workouts can reduce injury risks and improve overall vitality. Seek Social Connections: Loneliness can exacerbate anxieties. Engaging in social activities, joining clubs, volunteering, or simply maintaining close relationships can provide emotional support and a sense of purpose. Professional Help: If anxiety becomes overwhelming, seeking therapy or counseling can be beneficial. Professionals can offer coping techniques, cognitive behavioural therapy, or even medication if needed. Adopt a Mindful Approach: Mindfulness and meditation can help individuals stay present, accept the natural course of life, and reduce anxieties about the future. Embracing the moment can alleviate the weight of future uncertainties. Continuous Learning: Engaging the mind through continuous learning, be it through reading, courses, or hobbies, can offer distraction, boost cognitive functions, and instill a sense of achievement. Conclusion Aging, and the anxieties that come with it, is an integral part of the human experience. While it’s natural to feel apprehension about the future, understanding these concerns and adopting proactive strategies can make the journey more manageable and fulfilling. Embracing aging with grace, acceptance, and informed preparation allows us to navigate its challenges while cherishing its gifts. References Laidlaw, K., & Pachana, N. A. (2009). Aging, mental health, and demographic change: challenges for psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(6), 601. Neikrug, S. M., & Hopkinson, R. B. (1975). Effects of age, sex, and professional training on attitudes toward the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 30(4), 428-435. How to get in touch If you or your patient/NDIS clients need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 12/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. In today’s fast-paced world, relaxation is an essential yet often overlooked component of overall well-being. Chronic stress can lead to various physical and mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, hypertension, and heart disease (American Psychological Association, 2020). Fortunately, psychologists have developed numerous techniques to help individuals relax and manage stress effectively. This article explores scientifically-backed relaxation methods and provides practical tips on incorporating these techniques into your daily life. The Importance of Relaxation Physical Health Benefits Relaxation has profound effects on physical health. Regular relaxation can lower blood pressure, reduce muscle tension, improve digestion, and boost the immune system. It can also alleviate chronic pain and improve sleep quality (National Institutes of Health, 2018). Mental Health Benefits Relaxation is equally crucial for mental health. It helps reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, enhances mood, and improves cognitive function. By lowering stress levels, relaxation techniques can increase resilience and improve overall mental well-being (Smith et al., 2018). Scientifically-Backed Relaxation Techniques Deep Breathing Exercises Technique Deep breathing, or diaphragmatic breathing, involves taking slow, deep breaths to engage the diaphragm fully. This technique increases oxygen intake and promotes relaxation by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system (Jerath et al., 2006). How to Practice Sit or lie down in a comfortable position. Place one hand on your chest and the other on your abdomen. Inhale deeply through your nose, allowing your abdomen to rise while keeping your chest relatively still. Exhale slowly through your mouth. Repeat for 5-10 minutes, focusing on your breath. Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) Technique Progressive Muscle Relaxation involves systematically tensing and then relaxing different muscle groups in the body. This technique helps reduce physical tension and promote a state of calm (Jacobson, 1938). How to Practice Find a quiet, comfortable place to sit or lie down. Starting with your toes, tense each muscle group for about 5 seconds, then release the tension for 30 seconds. Move up through your body, tensing and relaxing each muscle group (e.g., calves, thighs, abdomen, chest, arms, neck, and face). Focus on the sensation of relaxation as you release the tension. Mindfulness Meditation Technique Mindfulness meditation involves focusing on the present moment without judgment. It encourages awareness of thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations, promoting relaxation and reducing stress (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). How to Practice Find a quiet place to sit comfortably. Close your eyes and take a few deep breaths. Focus on your breath, noticing the sensation of the air entering and leaving your nostrils or the rise and fall of your abdomen. If your mind wanders, gently bring your attention back to your breath. Practice for 5-20 minutes daily. Guided Imagery Technique Guided imagery involves visualising calming and peaceful scenes to reduce stress and promote relaxation. This technique engages the imagination and helps shift focus away from stressors (Roffe et al., 2005). How to Practice Sit or lie down in a comfortable position. Close your eyes and take a few deep breaths. Imagine a peaceful place, such as a beach, forest, or mountain. Engage all your senses in the imagery, noticing the sights, sounds, smells, and feelings. Spend 10-15 minutes visualising this scene, allowing yourself to feel calm and relaxed. Yoga Technique Yoga combines physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation to promote relaxation and improve overall well-being. Regular yoga practice has been shown to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression (Woodyard, 2011). How to Practice Join a yoga class or follow a guided session online. Focus on the breath and movement, allowing yourself to fully engage in the practice. Practice regularly, aiming for at least 20-30 minutes several times a week. Practical Tips for Incorporating Relaxation into Daily Life Create a Relaxation Routine Establishing a regular relaxation routine can help make relaxation a consistent part of your life. Set aside specific times each day for relaxation practices, such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga. Limit Stressors Identify and reduce sources of stress in your life where possible. This might include setting boundaries at work, prioritising self-care, and seeking support from friends, family, or a mental health professional. Practice Self-Compassion Be kind to yourself and recognise that it is okay to take time for relaxation. Self-compassion can reduce stress and promote a healthier mindset (Neff, 2003). Stay Active Regular physical activity can help reduce stress and promote relaxation. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. Connect with Others Social support is essential for managing stress. Spend time with loved ones, engage in social activities, and seek support when needed. Conclusion Relaxation is vital for maintaining physical and mental health. By incorporating scientifically-backed relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, mindfulness meditation, guided imagery, and yoga into your daily routine, you can effectively manage stress and improve your overall well-being. Remember, taking time to relax is not a luxury but a necessity for a healthy and balanced life. References American Psychological Association. (2020). Stress: The different kinds of stress. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/stress/types Jacobson, E. (1938). Progressive Relaxation. University of Chicago Press. Jerath, R., Edry, J. W., Barnes, V. A., & Jerath, V. (2006). Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: Neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system. Medical Hypotheses, 67(3), 566-571. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. Delta. National Institutes of Health. (2018). Relaxation techniques: Try these steps to reduce stress. Retrieved from https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/relaxation-techniques-try-these-steps-reduce-stress Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. Roffe, L., Schmidt, K., & Ernst, E. (2005). A systematic review of guided imagery as an adjuvant cancer therapy. Psycho-Oncology, 14(8), 607-617. Smith, J. C., Joyce, V.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 11/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition characterised by extreme mood swings, including emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). Recognising the symptoms is crucial for early intervention and effective management. This article explores the symptoms of bipolar disorder, supported by scientific research, to provide a thorough understanding of this condition. Keywords: bipolar disorder symptoms, mental health, mood swings, mania, depression, Australian mental health Overview of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic-depressive illness, affects about 1-2% of the population worldwide (Grande et al., 2016). It typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood, though it can also appear in children and older adults. The condition is characterised by distinct periods of mania or hypomania and depression, which can severely impact an individual’s ability to function. Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder 1. Manic and Hypomanic Episodes Manic episodes are periods of abnormally elevated mood and high energy, often accompanied by risky behaviour. Hypomania is a less severe form of mania that does not include psychotic symptoms and is usually shorter in duration. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the symptoms of mania include (American Psychiatric Association, 2013): Increased Energy or Activity: Unusual levels of energy and hyperactivity. Elevated Mood: An excessively happy or euphoric mood. Irritability: Heightened irritability or agitation. Decreased Need for Sleep: Feeling rested after only a few hours of sleep. Grandiosity: Inflated self-esteem or unrealistic sense of superiority. Talkativeness: Pressured speech and difficulty stopping talking. Racing Thoughts: Rapid and disjointed thinking patterns. Distractibility: Inability to focus on tasks. Impulsive Behaviour: Engaging in high-risk activities, such as spending sprees, reckless driving, or sexual indiscretions. Hypomanic episodes share similar symptoms but are less intense and typically do not cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning. 2. Depressive Episodes Depressive episodes in bipolar disorder are marked by prolonged periods of sadness and loss of interest in activities. The DSM-5 outlines the following symptoms for a depressive episode (American Psychiatric Association, 2013): Persistent Sadness or Hopelessness: Feeling depressed most of the day, nearly every day. Loss of Interest: Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities. Weight Changes: Significant weight loss or gain, or changes in appetite. Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia or excessive sleeping. Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or lack of energy. Feelings of Worthlessness or Guilt: Excessive or inappropriate guilt. Cognitive Impairments: Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering. Psychomotor Agitation or Retardation: Observable restlessness or slowed movements. Suicidal Thoughts: Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or attempts. Types of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is classified into several types, each defined by the pattern and severity of mood episodes: Bipolar I Disorder Characterised by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. The manic episodes in Bipolar I are severe and can significantly impact daily functioning. Bipolar II Disorder Involves at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, but no full-blown manic episodes. Bipolar II is often misdiagnosed as depression due to the absence of manic episodes. Cyclothymic Disorder A milder form of bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder is characterised by chronic fluctuating mood disturbances involving periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for a hypomanic or major depressive episode. Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires a comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional. The assessment includes: Clinical Interviews: Detailed discussion of symptoms, family history, and personal history. Mood Charting: Tracking mood changes over time to identify patterns. Medical Examination: Ruling out other medical conditions that could cause similar symptoms. Psychological Assessments: Standardised questionnaires and scales to measure the severity of symptoms. Treatment and Management Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, but with proper treatment, individuals can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Treatment typically includes a combination of: Medications Mood Stabilizers: Such as lithium, to control manic and hypomanic episodes. Antipsychotics: For severe manic episodes or as mood stabilisers. Antidepressants: To treat depressive episodes, often in combination with a mood stabiliser to prevent triggering mania. Psychotherapy Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviours. Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT): Focuses on stabilising daily rhythms and improving relationships. Psychoeducation: Educates individuals and families about the disorder and its management. Lifestyle Modifications Regular Exercise: Improves mood and overall well-being. Healthy Diet: Supports physical and mental health. Sleep Hygiene: Establishing a regular sleep routine to prevent mood episodes. Stress Management: Techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, and relaxation exercises. Conclusion Bipolar disorder is a complex and multifaceted condition that requires a nuanced understanding of its symptoms and types. Early recognition and comprehensive treatment are crucial for managing the disorder and improving quality of life. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder, seeking professional help is an essential step towards effective management and recovery. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Grande, I., Berk, M., Birmaher, B., & Vieta, E. (2016). Bipolar disorder. The Lancet, 387(10027), 1561-1572. National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml. Kupka, R. W., Altshuler, L. L., Nolen, W. A., Suppes, T., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Grunze, H., … & Post, R. M. (2007). Three times more days depressed than manic or hypomanic in both bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 9(5), 531-535. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 09/02/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a complex mental health condition characterised by an inflated sense of self-importance, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others. Understanding NPD is crucial for recognising its symptoms and seeking appropriate treatment. This article explores the intricacies of NPD, backed by scientific research, to provide a comprehensive overview. Keywords: Narcissistic Personality Disorder, NPD symptoms, narcissism, mental health, personality disorder, Australian mental health What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Narcissistic Personality Disorder is one of several types of personality disorders and is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). It is characterised by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood and present in various contexts (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Individuals with NPD exhibit a range of symptoms that can significantly impact their personal and professional lives. Key symptoms include: 1. Grandiosity Exaggerated Sense of Self-Importance: Believing they are superior and can only be understood by or should associate with other high-status people or institutions. Preoccupation with Fantasies: Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love. 2. Need for Admiration Seeking Excessive Admiration: Requires excessive admiration and validation from others. Sense of Entitlement: Unreasonable expectations of especially favourable treatment or automatic compliance with their expectations. 3. Lack of Empathy Unwillingness to Recognise Needs of Others: Lacks empathy and is unwilling to recognise or identify with the feelings and needs of others. Exploitation of Others: Takes advantage of others to achieve their own ends. 4. Envy and Arrogance Envy: Envious of others or believes that others are envious of them. Arrogant Behaviours: Shows arrogant, haughty behaviours or attitudes. These symptoms often lead to significant impairments in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning. Individuals with NPD may struggle with maintaining healthy relationships due to their manipulative and self-centered behaviour. Causes of Narcissistic Personality Disorder The exact cause of NPD is unknown, but it is likely due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Potential contributing factors include: Genetics: Inherited traits may play a role in the development of NPD. Environment: Excessive pampering or excessive criticism from parents during childhood. Neurobiology: Differences in brain structure and function (Caligor, Levy, & Yeomans, 2015). Diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Diagnosis of NPD is typically made by a mental health professional through a comprehensive clinical assessment. The assessment includes: Clinical Interviews: Detailed discussion of symptoms and history. Self-Report Questionnaires: Standardised questionnaires to evaluate narcissistic traits. Observations: Behavioural observations and reports from significant others. The DSM-5 criteria require the presence of at least five of the specified symptoms for a diagnosis of NPD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Treating NPD can be challenging due to the inherent characteristics of the disorder, such as lack of insight and resistance to seeking help. However, effective treatment approaches include: 1. Psychotherapy Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Helps individuals recognise and change negative thought patterns and behaviours. Psychodynamic Therapy: Explores unconscious processes and how past experiences influence current behaviour. Schema Therapy: Focuses on identifying and changing deeply entrenched patterns or themes in thinking and behaviour. 2. Medication Medications: While no specific medications are approved for NPD, medications may be prescribed to treat co-occurring conditions such as depression or anxiety. 3. Group Therapy Group Therapy: Provides a supportive environment to practice interpersonal skills and gain feedback from others. Coping and Support For individuals with NPD and their loved ones, coping strategies and support systems are essential: Education: Learning about NPD to understand behaviours and symptoms. Support Groups: Joining support groups for individuals with personality disorders or for their families. Healthy Boundaries: Establishing and maintaining healthy boundaries in relationships. Conclusion Narcissistic Personality Disorder is a complex and challenging condition that requires a comprehensive understanding of its symptoms and treatment options. Early diagnosis and intervention can lead to better outcomes and improved quality of life for those affected. If you or someone you know may be experiencing symptoms of NPD, seeking help from a mental health professional is a crucial step towards management and recovery. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Caligor, E., Levy, K. N., & Yeomans, F. E. (2015). Narcissistic personality disorder: Diagnostic and clinical challenges. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(5), 415-422. Ronningstam, E. (2016). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Recent research and clinical implications. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 3(1), 34-42. Widiger, T. A., & Costa, P. T. (2013). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(6), 655-675. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 09/12/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) are workplace-based interventions designed to assist employees in resolving personal and work-related problems that may affect their performance and well-being. EAPs provide confidential counselling, support services, and resources to help employees manage issues ranging from stress and mental health concerns to financial difficulties and substance abuse. This article explores how EAPs improve workplace performance, supported by scientific research and expert insights. The Role of EAPs in the Workplace Definition and Objectives EAPs are employer-sponsored programs that offer a range of services aimed at improving employee well-being and performance. The primary objectives of EAPs are to: Enhance employee mental health and well-being. Reduce workplace stress and absenteeism. Improve productivity and performance. Foster a positive workplace culture (Attridge, 2019). Services Offered Typical services provided by EAPs include: Confidential Counselling: Professional support for personal and work-related issues. Mental Health Support: Assistance with depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. Substance Abuse Programs: Help for employees struggling with alcohol or drug abuse. Financial Counselling: Guidance on managing personal finances and debt. Legal Assistance: Access to legal advice for personal matters. Work-Life Balance Support: Resources to help employees balance work and personal responsibilities (Masi & Jacobson, 2003). Benefits of EAPs for Workplace Performance Improved Mental Health and Well-being Mental health issues such as stress, anxiety, and depression can significantly impact workplace performance. EAPs provide employees with access to mental health resources and counselling, which can lead to improved mental health and well-being. Studies have shown that employees who utilise EAP services report lower levels of stress and better mental health outcomes (Jacobson & Attridge, 2010). Reduced Absenteeism and Presenteeism Absenteeism (missing work) and presenteeism (being present at work but not fully functioning) are costly for employers. EAPs can help reduce these issues by addressing the underlying problems that cause employees to miss work or underperform. Research indicates that EAPs can lead to a significant reduction in both absenteeism and presenteeism, contributing to improved workplace productivity (Harter et al., 2003). Enhanced Productivity and Performance By providing support for personal and work-related issues, EAPs enable employees to focus better on their tasks and responsibilities. This support can lead to enhanced productivity and overall job performance. A study by Attridge (2009) found that employees who used EAP services reported improvements in their work performance and efficiency. Better Work-Life Balance Work-life balance is crucial for employee satisfaction and performance. EAPs offer resources and support to help employees manage their work and personal lives more effectively. This assistance can lead to higher job satisfaction, lower turnover rates, and a more positive workplace culture (Harrison, 2002). Positive Workplace Culture EAPs contribute to a positive workplace culture by demonstrating that the organisation values employee well-being. This support can enhance employee morale, foster a sense of loyalty, and improve overall workplace dynamics. Organisations with robust EAPs often report higher employee engagement and satisfaction (Masi, 2000). Implementing an Effective EAP Key Components of a Successful EAP To maximise the benefits of an EAP, organisations should ensure that their programs include the following components: Confidentiality: Ensuring that employees can access EAP services confidentially to encourage utilisation. Accessibility: Providing easy access to EAP services, including 24/7 availability and multiple communication channels (e.g., phone, online, in-person). Comprehensive Services: Offering a wide range of services to address various employee needs. Promotion and Awareness: Actively promoting the EAP to employees and raising awareness about the available resources. Regular Evaluation: Continuously evaluating the EAP’s effectiveness and making improvements based on feedback and data (Csiernik, 2004). Best Practices for EAP Utilisation Organisations can implement several best practices to encourage EAP utilisation and ensure that employees receive the support they need: Leadership Support: Engaging leadership to endorse and promote the EAP. Training and Education: Providing training for managers and supervisors on how to recognise and refer employees to the EAP. Communication Strategies: Using various communication strategies to inform employees about the EAP and how to access it. Employee Feedback: Collecting and acting on employee feedback to improve EAP services (Attridge, 2019). Conclusion Employee Assistance Programs play a vital role in improving workplace performance by addressing personal and work-related issues that affect employees’ well-being and productivity. EAPs offer a range of services, including mental health support, substance abuse programs, financial counselling, and more. By reducing absenteeism and presenteeism, enhancing productivity, and promoting a positive workplace culture, EAPs contribute to a healthier, more efficient, and more satisfied workforce. Organisations that invest in effective EAPs are likely to see significant returns in terms of employee performance and overall business success. References Attridge, M. (2009). Employee Assistance Programs: A Research-Based Primer. Journal of Employee Assistance, 39(3), 18-22. Attridge, M. (2019). Employee Assistance Programs: Evidence and Current Trends. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 34(2), 114-139. Csiernik, R. (2004). Workplace Wellness: A Guide for Health Professionals and Consultants. Canadian Scholars’ Press. Harrison, M. I. (2002). Diagnosing Organizations: Methods, Models, and Processes. SAGE Publications. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Keyes, C. L. (2003). Well-Being in the Workplace and its Relationship to Business Outcomes: A Review of the Gallup Studies. In C. L. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-Lived (pp. 205-224). American Psychological Association. Jacobson, J. M., & Attridge, M. (2010). Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs): An Allied Profession for Work/Life. In S. L. Fieldman & L. L. Golden (Eds.), Work and Family Encyclopedia. Sloan Work and Family Research Network. Masi, D. A. (2000). The Art of Intervention: How Employee Assistance Programs and Managed Care Programs Improve Productivity and Health. CRC Press. Masi, D. A., & Jacobson, J. M. (2003). Outcome Measurements of an Integrated Employee Assistance and Work-Life Program. Research on Social Work Practice, 13(4), 451-467. How to get in touch If you are interested in immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 01/12/2025 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Self-esteem is a crucial aspect of mental health, influencing how we perceive ourselves and interact with the world. Building self-esteem can lead to improved confidence, better relationships, and overall wellbeing. This article explores evidence-based strategies to enhance self-esteem, supported by scientific research. Keywords: how to build self-esteem, improve self-esteem, self-confidence, mental health, positive self-image, Australian mental health Understanding Self-Esteem Self-esteem refers to an individual’s overall subjective sense of personal worth or value. It encompasses beliefs about oneself as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame (Baumeister, 1999). High self-esteem is linked to positive outcomes in various life domains, including mental health, social relationships, and academic and occupational success (Orth & Robins, 2014). Key Strategies to Build Self-Esteem 1. Practice Self-Compassion Self-compassion involves treating yourself with kindness and understanding during times of failure or distress, rather than being self-critical. Research shows that self-compassion is strongly associated with higher self-esteem (Neff, 2011). Techniques include: Positive Self-Talk: Replace negative thoughts with positive affirmations. Mindfulness: Stay present and acknowledge your feelings without judgement. 2. Set Realistic Goals Setting and achieving realistic goals can boost your sense of accomplishment and self-worth. Use the SMART criteria (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) to set goals that are: Attainable: Ensure goals are realistic and within your capabilities. Incremental: Break larger goals into smaller, manageable tasks (Locke & Latham, 2002). 3. Cultivate Healthy Relationships Surrounding yourself with supportive and positive people can enhance your self-esteem. Engage with individuals who: Encourage and Support You: Seek friends and family who provide positive reinforcement. Avoid Toxic Relationships: Distance yourself from those who are consistently negative or critical (Harris & Orth, 2020). 4. Focus on Strengths Acknowledging and utilising your strengths can reinforce a positive self-image. Strategies include: Strengths Inventory: Identify your strengths and find ways to use them in daily life. Celebrate Successes: Regularly reflect on your achievements and strengths (Seligman, 2011). 5. Engage in Physical Activity Regular physical exercise is linked to improved self-esteem and mental health. Physical activity releases endorphins, which can enhance mood and self-perception (Fox, 1999). Activities include: Aerobic Exercise: Running, swimming, or cycling. Strength Training: Weightlifting or resistance exercises. 6. Practice Gratitude Gratitude involves recognising and appreciating the positive aspects of your life. Practicing gratitude can lead to higher self-esteem by shifting focus away from negative thoughts (Emmons & McCullough, 2003). Techniques include: Gratitude Journaling: Write down things you are thankful for each day. Expressing Thanks: Verbally acknowledge your gratitude to others. 7. Seek Professional Help Professional support can be beneficial for those struggling with low self-esteem. Therapy options include: Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Helps identify and change negative thought patterns (Beck, 2011). Humanistic Therapy: Focuses on self-growth and self-actualisation (Rogers, 1961). Long-Term Maintenance of Self-Esteem Building self-esteem is an ongoing process that requires consistent effort. Tips for long-term maintenance include: Regular Self-Reflection: Periodically assess your progress and adjust your strategies. Continuous Learning: Engage in activities that promote personal growth and development. Self-Care Practices: Prioritise activities that nurture your mental, emotional, and physical health. Conclusion Building self-esteem is essential for fostering a positive self-image and overall mental wellbeing. By practicing self-compassion, setting realistic goals, cultivating healthy relationships, focusing on strengths, engaging in physical activity, practicing gratitude, and seeking professional help, individuals can enhance their self-esteem and lead more fulfilling lives. Implementing these evidence-based strategies can lead to lasting improvements in how you perceive and value yourself. References Baumeister, R. F. (1999). The self in social psychology. Psychology Press. Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. Guilford Press. Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389. Fox, K. R. (1999). The influence of physical activity on mental well-being. Public Health Nutrition, 2(3a), 411-418. Harris, M. A., & Orth, U. (2020). The link between self-esteem and social relationships: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(6), 1459-1477. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705-717. Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1-12. Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381-387. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au

Written by: Therapy Near Me Editorial Team Clinically reviewed by: qualified members of the Therapy Near Me clinical team Last updated: 03/01/2026 This article is intended as general information only and does not replace personalised medical or mental health advice. Learn more about our Editorial Policy. Self-care is a crucial aspect of maintaining mental and physical health. In today’s fast-paced world, incorporating self-care routines into daily life is more important than ever. This article explores various self-care routines, backed by scientific research, to help you develop effective practices that promote overall wellbeing. Keywords: self-care routines, mental wellbeing, self-care practices, mental health, Australian self-care, stress management Understanding Self-Care Self-care refers to activities and practices that individuals engage in regularly to reduce stress, enhance physical health, and maintain emotional and mental wellbeing. Effective self-care is personalised and can include a range of activities, from physical exercise to mindfulness practices. Benefits of Self-Care Scientific research has demonstrated numerous benefits of self-care, including: Reduced Stress: Regular self-care practices can significantly lower stress levels (Powers & Oltmanns, 2013). Improved Mental Health: Activities such as exercise and mindfulness can reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression (Schuch et al., 2016). Enhanced Physical Health: Self-care routines that include physical activity can improve cardiovascular health and boost the immune system (Warburton et al., 2006). Better Emotional Regulation: Mindfulness and relaxation techniques can enhance emotional resilience and coping skills (Grossman et al., 2004). Key Self-Care Routines 1. Physical Exercise Regular physical exercise is one of the most effective self-care routines. It promotes physical health, reduces stress, and enhances mood by releasing endorphins. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, as recommended by health guidelines (World Health Organization, 2020). 2. Mindfulness and Meditation Mindfulness and meditation practices involve focusing on the present moment and can significantly reduce stress and anxiety. Techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and guided imagery can be beneficial (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). 3. Healthy Eating A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains supports physical and mental health. Nutrient-rich foods can improve mood and energy levels, while reducing the risk of chronic diseases (Jacka et al., 2010). 4. Quality Sleep Adequate sleep is essential for overall health and wellbeing. Adults should aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Establishing a regular sleep routine, avoiding caffeine and screens before bed, and creating a restful sleep environment can improve sleep quality (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015). 5. Social Connections Strong social connections are vital for mental health. Spending time with loved ones, joining community groups, or participating in social activities can enhance feelings of belonging and support (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010). 6. Hobbies and Leisure Activities Engaging in hobbies and leisure activities that you enjoy can provide a sense of accomplishment and relaxation. Whether it’s reading, gardening, painting, or playing a musical instrument, finding time for leisure can improve overall happiness (Pressman et al., 2009). 7. Professional Help Seeking professional help when needed is an important aspect of self-care. Counselling, therapy, or support groups can provide assistance in managing stress, coping with challenges, and improving mental health (Lambert & Barley, 2001). Implementing Self-Care Routines Incorporating self-care into daily life requires planning and commitment. Here are some tips for developing effective self-care routines: Start Small: Begin with one or two activities that are easy to integrate into your routine. Set Realistic Goals: Establish achievable goals and gradually build up your self-care practices. Schedule Time: Dedicate specific times in your day or week for self-care activities. Be Consistent: Regular practice is key to reaping the benefits of self-care. Listen to Your Body: Pay attention to your physical and emotional needs and adjust your routines accordingly. Conclusion Self-care routines are essential for maintaining mental and physical wellbeing. By incorporating practices such as physical exercise, mindfulness, healthy eating, quality sleep, social connections, hobbies, and professional help, individuals can enhance their overall health and resilience. Developing personalised self-care routines can lead to significant improvements in quality of life and long-term wellbeing. If you are new to self-care, start with small, manageable steps and gradually build up your practices for lasting benefits. References Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35-43. Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., … & Adams Hillard, P. J. (2015). National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health, 1(1), 40-43. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316. Jacka, F. N., Mykletun, A., Berk, M., Bjelland, I., & Tell, G. S. (2010). The association between habitual diet quality and the common mental disorders in community-dwelling adults: the Hordaland Health Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(6), 508-513. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156. Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 357. Powers, A. D., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2013). Personality disorders and physical health: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(4), 431-446. Pressman, S. D., Matthews, K. A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Scheier, M., Baum, A., & Schulz, R. (2009). Association of enjoyable leisure activities with psychological and physical well-being. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(7), 725-732. Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Richards, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., & Stubbs, B. (2016). Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 77, 42-51. Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ, 174(6), 801-809. World Health Organization. (2020). Physical activity. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity. How to get in touch If you or your NDIS participant need immediate mental healthcare assistance, feel free to get in contact with us on 1800 NEAR ME – admin@therapynearme.com.au.